Characterization of seismic hazard and structural response by energy flux

Seismic safety of structures depends on the structure's ability to absorb the seismic energy that is transmitted from ground to structure. One parameter that can be used to characterize seismic energy is the energy flux. Energy flux is defined as the amount of energy transmitted per unit time through a cross-section of a medium, and is equal to kinetic energy multiplied by the propagation velocity of seismic waves. The peak or the integral of energy flux can be used to characterize ground motions. By definition, energy flux automatically accounts for site amplification. Energy flux in a structure can be studied by formulating the problem as a wave propagation problem. For buildings founded on layered soil media and subjected to vertically incident plane shear waves, energy flux equations are derived by modeling the building as an extension of the layered soil medium, and considering each story as another layer. The propagation of energy flux in the layers is described in terms of the upgoing and downgoing energy flux in each layer, and the energy reflection and transmission coefficients at each interface. The formulation results in a pair of simple finite-difference equations for each layer, which can be solved recursively starting from the bedrock. The upgoing and downgoing energy flux in the layers allows calculation of the energy demand and energy dissipation in each layer. The methodology is applicable to linear, as well as nonlinear structures.     

State-of-the-art of geotechnical earthquake engineering practice

Major developments in geotechnical earthquake engineering practice over the last 15 years are reviewed. The objectives of the review are to present a coherent view of the current state of practice at the highest level and to examine trends, which may shape practice in the future. Developments are described in the following areas: specification of design ground motions, dynamic response analysis, evaluation of liquefaction potential, evaluation of residual strength of liquefied soil, post-liquefaction displacement analysis, and seismic risk analysis.     

Seismic stability analysis of reinforced slopes

In this paper, the seismic stability of slopes reinforced with geosynthetics is analysed within the framework of the pseudo-static approach. Calculations are conducted by applying the kinematic theorem of limit analysis. Different failure modes are considered, and for each analytical expressions are derived that enable one to readily calculate the reinforcement force required to prevent failure and the yield acceleration of slopes subjected to earthquake loading. Several results are presented in order to illustrate the influence of seismic forces on slope stability. Moreover, a suitable procedure based on the assessment of earthquake-induced permanent displacement is proposed for the design of reinforced slopes in seismically active areas.     

A Preliminary Interpretation of Near-field Observation Data of the Zhangbei Earthquake

In this paper, a preliminary data processing was made for tbe aftershock records or theZhangbei M6.2 earthquake on Jan. 10, 1998. The hypocenters of 205 earthquakes with M_L≥0.5 were located. The result shows that most aftershockS were concentrated in a more than10 km long and 5～8 km wide NE-trending beIt. The source mechanism solutions of largeraftersbocks were also calculated, from which it can be inferred that the faulted zone of themain shock is an NE-trending fault. Furthermore, the spectral analysis of P waves was made.The corner frequency is about 10 Hz.     

浅析中国地区体波走时层析成像研究进展

将中国地区划分为东西两部分详细地讨论了中国地区体波走时层析成像研究现状。总结了中国地区三维速度结构的一些特征：地震波速度存在明显的横向不均匀性,甚至在1100km左右深入还保留了这一特点,浅部层面地震波速度图像与地表已知的地质特征有较好的相关性,速度图像与地震活动性有一定的对应关系,岩石层厚度及地壳厚度的起伏状况等;最后分析了目前中国地区体波走时层析成像研究工作的特点并提出了一种可能的发展趋势。     

地震的丛集性与断裂间的相互作用:兼论祁连山东段的地震危险性

从地震丛集的大量实例出发,讨论了地震丛集与断裂间相互作用的特点,基本规律、机理问题及问题及对地震预测的意义,在此基础上邓祁连册断裂带东段的地震危险性进行了定性分析,认为１９２７年古浪８．０级地震的发生对此区断裂的地震潜势产生深刻影响。它可能暗示：此区内的未来大震与１９２７年古浪地震分属两个地震丛集期;古浪地震的发生使行作为危险段的金强河－毛毛山断裂上的挤压应力显增大,从而延迟了未来大震的发震时间     

伽师强震群活动期间地震窗异常特征研究

分析研究了1997－1998年伽师强震群活动期间阿困什余震窗和喀什地震窗月频、旬频、日频的异常特征。结果表明,两地震窗的异常形态具有一定的相似性,起止时间也具有同步性。月频度异常形态多经过2－3个峰值后在高值发震;旬频率、日频率异常形态则表现为高值－低值－发震;日频度异常出现在震前1－3d。通过对比分析伽师强震群1997年和1998年的活动特征发现,阿图什余震窗和喀什余震窗在1997年几组后续6级地震前小震日频率均在指数衰减背景上明显升高,而1998年2组强震前指数衰减背景不明显。     

新疆伽师地区地应力的GPS损伤模拟研究

采用几何损伤理论和方法推导了地壳存在不同方向和大小的断层时的有效应力的公式 ,讨论了利用几何损伤理论来分析和计算地壳中存在不连续断层的理论和方法 ,同时对中国新疆伽师地区的地应力变化用几何损伤理论和方法结合该地区的GPS资料进行了数值计算研究 ,通过比较计算结果与 1 997年 1月至 1 998年 1 2月发生在该地区的MS ≥ 5 .0地震活动可以看出 ,新疆南部的中强地震活动区主要在应力场变化激烈的地区 .