高能量冲击作用下淤泥孔压特征规律试验研究

以往动力排水固结室内试验,通常冲击能量不够,很难激发软土某些工程响应,对应加固机制难以发现。通过可提供高冲击能的多向高能高速电磁力冲击智能控制试验系统,针对淤泥类超软土进行静动力排水固结模型试验,获得了淤泥孔压等响应特征：夯击瞬间（6 ms）上部孔压增长及下降时间非常短,且其重复性好;初始两遍夯击结束后中部孔压变化呈双峰型,其时间间隔随着夯击遍数增加而逐渐变大,最后不复存在;每遍夯击瞬时中部土压均出现急剧增长与快速减小,增长幅度随夯击遍数增加呈减小趋势,但每遍夯完后数天内土压值均大于夯前值;每遍夯击孔压消散后最终值都小于初始孔压,说明在一定的排水条件下,淤泥这类超软土地基确实可夯击;夯击后残余应力作用机制存在,且其对沉降起主要作用,而一定静力荷载的这种机制不明显;排水板插设扰动效应不可忽视,但该扰动效应随软土埋深增大而减少。     

高压水及负压加载状态下三轴应力渗流试验装置的研制

针对目前相关的三轴渗流试验装置缺乏高压水及负压加载功能而不能对高压水及负压加载状态下煤样瓦斯渗流规律进行研究这一问题,研制出了煤样试件出口负压可调并可对其进行高压水加载的新型三轴应力渗流试验装置。该装置主要由三轴应力加载系统、气体渗透系统、水力压裂控制系统、气体流量测试系统、传感与控制系统5部分组成,能够进行高压水及负压载荷下的各种单轴与三轴渗流试验。研究表明,该装置能够模拟抽采钻孔负压状态下煤体内的瓦斯运移规律及考察高压水对煤体的压裂效果,在实验室能完成对煤体试样负压状态下的渗流规律研究以及试件采取水力压裂措施后的增透效果考察。     

岩石电学性质实验研究方向展望

分析了岩心电性实验的内涵,介绍了油藏条件下岩石电学性质的研究现状以及对岩心电性实验方法的冲击.结合目前对不同地层特性岩石的电学性质的认识,就复杂储层评价的岩心电性实验方法、岩心电性实验技术装备、岩心电性实验技术规范化、岩心数值实验方法等方面对岩心电性实验的研究方向做了展望,认为：①岩心电性实验方法应立足于储层岩石的岩性、物性、孔隙结构、非均质性等地层特性;②系统地模拟和控制储层的温度、压力、润湿性条件、毛管与电性平衡等油藏条件,并使各种相关技术规范化,是其发展的必然趋势;③岩心数值实验方法可能作为实验室岩心电性实验的辅助手段之一在储层含油性评价中发挥作用.     

关于创建川滇水库地震监测预报研究实验场的建议

川滇两省水能资源开发量位居全国前茅,尤其是川滇交界区域的雅砻江、大渡河、金沙江流域的水能资源富甲全国,在西部大开发中的战略地位极其重要,国家即将在此建成一个位于全球破坏性地震多发区域的巨型水库密集区。具有全球难寻的监测、预报、研究水库地震的资源优势。建议用完全开放的创新思维,在此区域创建水库地震监测预报研究实验场,具有重要的防震减灾现实意义和历史意义。     

用VB.NET编程实现WEB环境下地震事件波形的绘制和显示

描述了读取EDAS-3格式地震事件数据,在ASP．NET框架下绘制地震事件波形的VB．NET程序,可用于在WEB环境下显示地震波形。     

地下工程软弱岩体围岩结构的地震探测技术

控制地下工程软弱岩体特征的一个重要前提是围岩工程地质条件评价以及围岩的地质结构的定量认识,而目前软岩巷道支护难的主要原因是对巷道工程地质条件和围岩结构认识不清、支护对象不明确。基于以上分析,本文以显德汪矿主运输巷道为试验研究对象,采用地震技术对软弱岩体围岩结构进行了全断面探测,实现了岩体结构的空间定位和精确探测,进而为支护形式和支护参数的选择提供了直观可靠的工程地质依据。     

Robustness of the holistic seismic risk evaluation in urban centers using the USRi

The Urban Seismic Risk index (USRi) published in a previous article (Carreño et al., Nat Hazards 40:137–172, 2007) is a composite indicator that measures risk from an integrated perspective and guides decision-making for identifying the main interdisciplinary factors of vulnerability to be reduced or intervened. The first step of the method is the evaluation of the potential physical damage (hard approach) as a result of the convolution of the seismic hazard with the physical vulnerability of buildings and infrastructure. Subsequently, a set of social context conditions that aggravate the physical effects is also considered (soft approach). According to this procedure, the physical risk index is evaluated for each unit of analysis from existing loss scenarios, whereas the total risk index is obtained by multiplying the former index by an impact factor using an aggravating coefficient, based on variables associated with the socio-economic conditions of each unit of analysis. The USRi has been developed using the underlying holistic and multi-hazard approach of the Urban Risk Index framework proposed for the evaluation of disaster risk in different megacities worldwide. This article presents the sensitivity analysis of the index to different parameters such as input data, weights and transformation functions used for the scaling or normalization of variables. This analysis has been performed using the Monte Carlo simulation to validate the robustness of this composite indicator, understanding as robustness how the cities maintain the ranking as well as predefined risk level ranges, when compared with the deterministic results of risk. Results are shown for different cities of the world.     

On-chip earthquake simulation model using potentials

A two-dimensional (2-D) Cellular Automata (CA) dynamic system constituted of cells-charges has been proposed for the simulation of the earthquake process. The CA model has been calibrated with the use of real data. The calibration incorporates major seismic characteristics of the area under test. The simulation results are found in good quantitative and qualitative agreement with the recorded Gutenberg–Richter (GR) scaling relations. The model is enriched with a powerful multi-parameter interface that enables the user to load real data from different regions. This paper examines the on-chip realisation of the model and its instrumentation. The CA model hardware implementation is based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic. It utilises an array of 32 × 32 cells. Parameters that construct the local CA rule constitute the input data. The initial seed, which to some extent corresponds to the seismic features of the area under test, is loaded in a semi-parallel way and the process is completed in a certain number of time steps. The automatic response of the processor provides the corresponding GR scaling law of the area under study. The hardware implementation of the CA-based earthquake simulation model is advantageous in terms of low-cost, high-speed, compactness and portability features. It can operate as a preliminary data-acquisition filter that accelerates the evaluation of recorded data as far as its origin time, spatial and magnitude completeness and quality are concerned. Software that performs reliable automatic phase picking, as well as data elaboration, can be assembled next to the earthquake recording instruments (the whole network) output to assure a quick and reliable iteration of the focal parameters of a recorded earthquake (epicentre coordinates, focal depth and magnitude). The dedicated processor can be accommodated right after this stage (before any manual elaboration) focusing on the near real-time development of a reliable qualitative dynamical seismic record and a mapping of the seismic characteristics of the area.     

几种常见震积岩相标志在模拟实验中的识别

震积岩相标志是识别震积岩的最有效依据。在对震浊积岩形成过程的水槽模拟实验中,发现了同沉积断裂、微褶皱纹理、液化砂岩脉、液化均一层、同沉积变形构造、震浊积岩等典型的软沉积物震积岩相标志,他们形成于地震作用的不同阶段,有规律的分布在三角洲—震浊积岩体系之中。同时,模拟实验中也发现了一些与震积岩相标志易混淆的其他成因相标志,因此在分析过程中应该充分考虑各种相标志的组合特征、与沉积环境的配置关系以及区域的构造背景等。依据模拟实验得出的震积岩相标志分布模式,通过相标志类型和组合特征分析,可进行震浊积体发育区带预测,指导断陷盆地隐蔽油气藏勘探。     

Vp/Vs Anisotropy and Implications for Crustal Composition Identification and Earthquake Prediction

Abstract: The ratio of P- to S-wave velocities (Vp/Vs) is regarded as one of the most diagnostic properties of natural rocks. It has been used as a discriminant of composition for the continental crust and provides valuable constraints on its formation and evolution processes. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal changes in Vp/Vs before and after earthquakes are probably the most promising avenue to understanding the source mechanics and possibly predicting earthquakes. Here we calibrate the variations in Vp/Vs in dry, anisotropic crustal rocks and provide a set of basic information for the interpretation of future seismic data from the Wenchuan earthquake Fault zone Scientific Drilling (WFSD) project and other surveys. Vp/Vs is a constant (Ф0) for an isotropic rock. However, most of crustal rocks are anisotropic due to lattice-preferred orientations of anisotropic minerals (e.g., mica, amphibole, plagioclase and pyroxene) and cracks as well as thin compositional layering. The Vp/Vs ratio of an anisotropic rock measured along a selected pair of propagation-vibration directions is an apparent value (Фij) that is significantly different from the value for its isotropic counterpart (Ф0). The usefulness of apparent Vp/Vs ratios as a diagnostic of crustal composition depends largely on rock seismic anisotropy. A 5% of P- and S-wave velocity anisotropy is sufficient to make it impossible to determine the crustal composition using the conventional criteria (Vp/Vs≤1.756 for felsic rocks, 1.7561.944 fluid-filled porous/fractured or partially molten rocks) if the information about the wave propagation-polarization directions with respect to the tectonic framework is unknown. However, the variations in Vp/Vs measured from borehole seismic experiments can be readily interpreted according to the orientations of the ray path and the polarization of the shear waves with respect to the present-day principal stress directions (i.e., the orientation of cracks) and the frozen fabric (i.e., foliation and lineation).