川西地区台阵环境噪声瑞利波相速度层析成像

2006年中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室在川西地区(26°N~32°N,100°E~105°E)布设了由297台宽频带数字地震仪组成的流动观测台阵.利用该密集台阵29°N以北156个台站2007年1~12月份的地震环境噪声记录和互相关技术,我们得到了所有台站对的面波经验格林函数和瑞利波相速度频散曲线,并进一步反演得到了观测台阵下方2~35 s周期的瑞利波相速度分布图像．本文结果表明,观测台阵覆盖的川滇地块、松潘-甘孜地块和四川盆地的地壳速度结构存在显著差异,具体表现为：(1)短周期（2~8 s）相速度分布与地表构造特征相吻合,作为川滇地块、松潘-甘孜地块和四川盆地之间的边界断裂,龙门山断裂带和鲜水河断裂带对上述三个地块上地壳的速度结构具有明显的控制作用,四川盆地前陆低速特征表明相应区域存在较厚的（约10 km）沉积盖层;(2)中周期（12~18 s）相速度分布表明,川滇地块和松潘-甘孜地块中上地壳速度结构存在明显的不均匀横向变化,并形成了尺度不同且高、低速相间的分块结构,而四川盆地中地壳整体上已经表现出相对高速;(3)长周期（25~35 s）相速度分布表明,松潘-甘孜地块,特别是川滇地块中下地壳表现为广泛的明显低速异常,意味着它们的中下地壳相对软弱,而四川盆地的中下地壳呈现整体性的相对高速,意味着四川盆地具有相对坚硬的中下地壳,并且以汶川地震的震中为界,龙门山断裂带的地壳结构显示了北段为高速异常,南段为低速异常的分段特征．     

Joint 3D processing of active and passive seismic data

Passive seismic provides additional illumination sources in producing reservoirs, improving the Earth's imaging obtained by standard 3D seismic surveys. The joint tomographic inversion of surface and borehole data, both active and passive, even allows the delineation of thin reservoirs that cannot be resolved by reflection tomography. As an application example, we present a feasibility study for a real case of CO₂ geological storage, showing that this operation may benefit both environment and reservoir monitoring. The origin time of micro‐earthquakes due to production operations is critical for merging active and passive data. We show here that the Wadati's method is not accurate for borehole data in a layered earth model, when the ratio between P and S velocities is not constant, as occurs in most hydrocarbon reservoirs. This drawback can be solved by deploying a few receivers at the surface close to the well.     

华北地区地壳上地幔三维P波速度结构

利用华北地震科学台阵和首都圈地震台网记录的4511次近震和625次远震的P波到时数据,采用纬度和经度方向分别为0.5°×0.5°的网格划分,反演得到了华北北部地区(111°E—120°E,37°N—42°N)深至400km的地壳上地幔三维P波速度结构.层析成像结果表明,研究区的速度存在明显的横向不均匀性,随着深度增加横向不均匀性总体呈现减弱趋势.燕山隆起带在60—120km深度内存在明显的高速异常,这与较大的岩石圈厚度有关;山西裂陷盆地、华北平原下方60km深度存在明显低速异常,与软流圈的出现有关.燕山隆起带岩石圈厚度在120km以上,明显比太行山隆起的岩石圈厚度大,与稳定大陆地区的岩石圈厚度一致.太行山山前断裂已切穿莫霍面,贯入岩石圈.研究区上地幔顶部大范围的低速异常反映了软流圈上隆的特点.在华北平原及燕山隆起下方200—300km存在高速异常可能与太古代大陆板块岩石圈的残留体有关.     

Seismic stability analysis of gravity retaining walls

A new approach based on the category of upper bound theorem of limit analysis is presented in this study to consider the seismic stability of gravity retaining walls. The retaining wall and the backfill soil were taken as a whole system. For a translational failure mechanism assumed, formulas are provided to calculate directly the yield acceleration and the inclination of the failure surface. An example is shown to illustrate the method. Comparisons are made with limit equilibrium method, and the results are found consistent. Based on a limited parametric study, it is shown that the wall roughness has remarkable influence on the yield acceleration.     

汶川8.0级地震前地震空间相关长度变化特征

分析了汶川8.0级地震前的地震空间长度的时空演变。在计算空间相关长度过程中采用长轴与孕震区主要断裂走向一致的椭圆型空间窗,并设计了优化程序。在本次特大地震前观测到了增长的地震空间相关长度。利用合成地震目录对结果进行了显著性检验,结果否定了零假设,表明观察到的模型不是由随机数据干扰造成的,这一观点的置信水平被证实为93.9%。     

华北强震前地下流体长趋势变化特征及其产生机理的研究

分析了华北地区自1976年以来MS≥6.0地震前地下流体长趋势变化的形态、演化特征。结果表明:地下流体长趋势变化出现时间早、范围广,具有协调性、重复性、迁移性等特性,主要沿构造带迁移,迁移方向为外围向内迁移或内部向外迁移;形态主要为趋势转折、破年变、加速等,其中绝对大多数为趋势转折变化;地下水位分析表明长趋势变化绝大部分呈现为缓慢上升或下降减缓的走势。对比研究了地壳形变与地下流体长趋势变化,发现地壳形变长趋势时间早于地下流体;形变出现张压变化与水位变化有比较密切的关系,即形变绝大部分出现缓慢压性变化或张性减缓变化,水位绝大部分出现缓慢上升或下降减缓变化。最后讨论了强震前地下流体长趋势变化产生的机理:在地震孕育过程初(早)期,构造应力的缓慢增强将使岩体所含裂缝闭合,地壳发生变形,从而改变岩体的空隙率及相应的孔隙压力和渗透率,引起诸如地下流体长趋势动态异常变化;构造应力缓慢增强并向未来震中聚集,造成地下流体长趋势动态异常变化向震中迁移;而深部物质的不断上涌和影响范围增大致使地下流体长趋势动态异常变化向外围迁移。     

汾渭地震带地震趋势数学建模分析

按照中国大陆及邻近地区活动地块和地震带的划分方案, 使用Mapsis软件选取了汾渭地震带1000年以来M_S4.7以上地震, 这样的地震资料应具有地质单元的统一性。 使用数学中19阶多项式模型, 对地震资料进行最佳逼近拟合, 并递推未来1—2年时间尺度预测。 模型中的参数用最小二乘法求取。 引用一种数学方法来描述汾渭地震带的地震趋势规律。     

福建地区地震震源深度特征的统计分析

根据福建数字地震台网记录的地震震源深度资料, 统计分析了1998年7月至2008年6月期间福建及邻区M_L≥1.0并有震源深度参数且观测精度为1类地震1431次。 采用0.4°×0.4°网格和以0.2°为滑动步长, 统计了网格内地震的平均深度, 并绘制了平均深度等值线图。 分析结果表明: ① 福建地区地震震源深度总体上呈现东南深、 西北浅的特征, 东南沿海地区平均震源深度大于14 km, 西北地区平均震源深度小于10 km; ② 平均震源深度等值线展布大致呈NE向, 在福建南部地区平均震源深度在沿NE向展布基础上, 还受到NW向断裂控制, 断裂构造通过的地区平均震源深度相对较深; ③ 福建地区地震动力成因与中国大陆其他地区有所不同。     

Characteristics of Seismic Activity in a 3-Dimensional Space before the Wen'an Earthquake,Hebei Province by Relocation of Small Earthquakes in the China's Capital Area

Characteristics of seismic activity before the M5.1 earthquake in Wen'an,Hebei Province on July 4,2006 are analyzed by relocation of small earthquakes in the China's capital area,and some results are obtained as follows:① The seismic activity of M L ≥3.0 in the middle part of the Hebei plain seismic belt displayed a feature of strengthening (lasting 43 months) quiescence (17 months) five years before the Wen'an earthquake.Simultaneously,the strain release curve showed a variation process of accelerating-flatting.② A seismogenic gap in a three-dimensional space,located at the depth of 15km ～ 20km,with 70km long in latitude direction and 90km long in longitude orientation,was formed by M≥2.0 earthquakes four years prior to the Wen'an earthquake.The initial rupture point of the Wen'an earthquake is situated at the bottom of the gap.③ The focal depths of earthquakes with M L ≥2.0 in the middle part of the Hebei plain seismic belt gradually increased from 10km to 30km during the period from April,2003 to October,2004.Meanwhile,the seismic activity obviously strengthened in the middle and lower crust (from 20km to 30km in depth).     

Significance and Microscopic Analysis of Deformation in the Cultural Remains of Western Zhou Dynasty-Late Spring and Autumn Period at Daijiayuan Ruins in Huoshan,Anhui Province,China

During an excavation survey to the Daijiayuan vestige of the Western Zhou Dynasty-Late Spring and Autumn Period at Huoshan in Western Anhui,a ground crack related to tectonic movement and filled with silty fine sand was found. This phenomenon was initially confirmed to be due to seismic liquefaction. Many microscopic seismic relics,such as load structure,flow structure,cutoff plane and flotation of organic matter were found in the directional microscopic analysis of deformation. These discoveries and cognitions prove that there were two earthquake events taking place in the Western Zhou Dynasty-Late Spring and Autumn Period in this area. Above-mentioned works enrich and develop the research methods to identify prehistoric earthquake event in eastern China area to a certain extent.