Earth’s density flattening and hypothesis of latitudinal normal density

In this paper, the definition of latitudinal density and density flattening of the level ellipsoid is given, and integral formulas of latitudinal density for pole gravity and equator gravity are derived. According to the pole gravity condition and equator gravity condition for the level ellipsoid, latitudinal density distribution function of the level ellipsoid is obtained. It is proved mathematically that latitudinal density of the earth’s equator is larger than that of the pole, the earth’s density flattening calculated preliminarily is 1/322, and hypothesis of the earth’s latitudinal normal density is further proposed, so that theoretical preparation for studying the forming cause of the earth gravity in problems such as continent drift, mantle convection, and submarine extension is made well.     

An international comparison of governmental disclosure of hydrocarbon spills from offshore oil and gas installations

The cumulative effect of accidental spills from oil and gas extraction in the marine environment can have significant impacts on marine wildlife. Oil and gas operators are typically required to report spill data as part of a regulatory process. We conducted a survey of the public disclosure of hydrocarbon spill data for four countries, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States. There was significant variation in the spill data statistics that were publicly reported by the regulators. No country provided full disclosure of spill data or follow-up actions taken by the regulator on their website. The lack of disclosure of spill data is of concern because the scale of environmental effects is more difficult to assess, insufficient information is available to assess the accuracy of predictions made in the environmental assessment process, and without consistency of spill reporting there is no method to compare regional differences of spill rates.     

秦岭造山带中热水沉积成矿盆地的研究思路与方法初探——兼论秦岭超大型金属矿集区的研究与勘查

以秦岭造山带中热水沉积成矿盆地为例, 讨论了热水沉积成矿盆地的研究思路与方法（１）, 在这些盆地中已发现了一批大型－超大型矿床, 也是秦岭超大型矿集区的研究原理、研究及研究内容等基本准则。提出盆地充填史、盆地内同生构造作用等研究沉积盆地形成与发展。认为秦岭热水沉积成矿盆地具有分级特征, 热水沉积岩相是主要的物质组成。总结了秦岭中（火山）热水沉积成矿盆地、深水缺氧环境中热水沉积成矿盆地、叠合盆地、复合盆地、拉分盆地、裂陷盆地等六种构造－沉积岩相时间－空间组合模式, 它们是超大型金属矿床产出部位。     

珠江三角洲地区未来海平面上升及风暴潮增水的耕地损失预测

珠江三角洲地区是中国海岸带中风暴潮灾害最集中的区域之一。在全球气候变化和海平面上升的影响下,风暴潮灾害将对该地区农业生产造成巨大的损失。在借鉴相关经验与研究的基础上,建立风暴潮增水灾害耕地产量损失评估模型,选择广东省珠江三角洲地区为研究区域,以该地区的DEM、土地利用等数据为基础,通过实地调研获取当地的作物种植结构、轮作方式、作物单产、不同淹没高度下不同作物的损失率等数据资料,基于未来海平面上升及风暴潮增水的不同时间情景,估算并分析了2030、2050及2100年珠三角地区耕地受灾范围的空间分布特征及产量损失变化情况。结果表明：受气候变化的影响,未来珠三角地区风暴潮影响下的耕地淹没面积比重不断上升,其中阳江、佛山和东莞等地耕地淹没面积从2030年到2100年增加较为明显,广州和珠海的耕地淹没面积增加幅度则较为缓和。从耕地淹没造成的农业产量损失来看,蔬菜、稻谷和花生等主要作物的损失产量比重呈现增加趋势,且蔬菜的增幅最大,其次是稻谷。其中广州、江门、阳江等地稻谷、花生、蔬菜的损失产量比重均表现为持续上升。     

马家沟灰岩（古）岩溶研究中的若干问题探讨

讨论了华北地区奥陶系马家沟组灰岩岩溶研究中的几个问题，包括沉积岩溶，暴露岩溶，埋藏岩溶，现代岩溶及陷落柱等，指出了沉积岩溶和暴露岩溶洞穴不能保存或保存甚少，但对后期的岩溶发育具有重要控制作用，最后，提出了今后奥陶系灰岩岩溶研究的基本思路。     

土质场地重力式挡土墙地震土压力振动台实验研究

汶川震区路基挡土墙震害表明,地震动荷载作用下重力式挡墙的位移、破坏与基础场地形式有关,除岩质场地和土质场地挡墙所共有的外倾形式,土质地基挡土墙还表现有整体推移及下部向外推移的倾转变形等复杂模式,因此地震土压力大小及分布也将受到这种复杂土-结相互作用的影响。基于碎石土及风化花岗岩填料的土质场地重力式挡土墙大型振动台模型实验,对挡土墙地震土压力及变形模式开展了对比研究,发现在强震作用下,土质地基挡墙因基础约束较弱而产生位移,并伴随明显的墙—土分离现象,致使实测地震土压力较之抗震设计规范计算值偏小（0.4g峰值加速度下约小6%～15%）,但作用点高度变化不大。由实验结果与现行抗震规范计算值的安全系数对比,认为对土质场地挡墙的地震土压力计算,按现行国内抗震设计规范基本能满足实际工程抗震设计需要;对于地震区挡墙设计,在允许挡墙发生少量容许位移的前提下可采用内摩擦角较大、自稳能力更好的墙背填料以减少地震土压力。     

滇西石缸河锡矿床的成因探讨

石缸河锡矿床在空间上，时间上和成因上与志本山花岗岩演化分异晚期形成的浅色细粒白云母花岗岩有着密切联系，属岩浆期后热液矿床。     

陕西商县蔷薇辉石玉石矿床地质、工艺性质及成因

陕西商县蔷薇辉石(粉翠)矿床是陕西省首次发现并评价的玉石矿床。蔷薇辉石产于宽坪群四岔口组中段下部二云石英片岩所夹的含锰石英白云石大理岩、含锰石英岩等含锰岩中。矿体既成层分布又相对集中。粉翠玉料质优且加工工艺性能良好。蔷薇辉石矿床的形成主要经历了沉积期和区域变质期两大阶段。成因类型属变质岩型低温变质相蔷薇辉石矿床。     

广东省产业结构发展水平的空间格局研究

以广东省的市域为经济单元,利用空间自相关分析和密度分析法,对1994—2015年广东省产业结构发展水平空间格局进行了研究。结果表明:广东省逐渐形成了以广州、深圳、东莞为中心的第三产业圈,周边城市为第二产业外圈,并逐渐向四周扩散的圈层式空间格局。珠三角地区产业结构发展水平较高,其他地区相对落后。全省的全局空间自相关性比较高,产业发展水平的空间聚集特征明显,高-高区域集中在珠三角地区,低-低区域主要分布在其他地区,有较明显的两极分化异质性。     

On the applicability of KirchofPs law and the principle of heat balance in thermal infrared remote sensing:A non-isothermal system

This paper proposes a basic equation of thermal radiation interaction between surface objects on the basis of the principle of heat balance in the interface. The solution of this equation takes account of the contribution of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux more completely, compared with traditional solution for surface cooling and heating processes. By the aid of the experimental data conducted in the Xiaotangshan experimental site, Beijing, both the non-applicability of Kirchoff's law and the measurability of surface emissivity in a non-isothermal system have been highlighted. Two methods called ventilation and time-delay compensations have been proposed to reduce the error induced by change of surface temperatures of non-isothermal objects during the measurement of emissivity. Based on the solution of the basic equation, this paper has analyzed and pointed out the misunderstanding in comprehension and application of Kirchoff's law published in literature.