大气边界层动力学和植被生态过程耦合的一个简单解析理论

发展了一个大气边界层动力学和植被某些生态过程相互作用的简单模式,求得了这个耦合模式的解析解,分析了植被反照率和冠层阻抗(气孔阻力)对大气运动及植被温度的影响,这一相互作用的方式可为进一步发展大气运动和生态过程相互作用的、更复杂的数值模拟模式提供参考.     

亚洲中东部岩石圈网状塑性流动控制下的多层应变速率场

根据“网状塑性流动”大陆动力学模型,岩石圈的变形方式由浅层脆性向深层延性的转变以及岩石圈下层网状塑性流动的控制作用,导致板块内部的多层构造变形。GPS方法或断层错动反演方法所测定的只是浅表地壳。多震层的应变速率可用“地震复发间隔法”,根据先后两次地震的复发间隔和后发地震的发震概率予以估计。基于岩石圈下层塑性流动网络共轭角与挤压变形之间的关系,可运用“共轭角法”估计该层的应变,并结合对于变形时间的估计,进一步推算网络的特征应变速率。文中给出了亚洲中东部地区岩石圈下层特征应变速率的等值线图,其数量级为10-15～10-14/s。控制多震层地震活动的主要是塑性流动网带,其应变速率大于网络的特征应变速率,除此以外,多震层的应变速率还受到驱动边界的直接作用、塑性流动波和上下层之间非连续分布软弱层的影响。根据青藏高原至华北平原11个潜在震源区所在地段多震层应变速率与岩石圈下层特征应变速率的对比分析,除临汾盆地1处偏差较大外,其余10处两者间表现出显著的线性相关,其比值β平均为1.75,分布范围为1.25～2.25。文中建议在进行中长期地震预测时,可根据岩石圈下层特征应变速率等值线图,结合比值β的引入,粗略地估计各潜在震源     

热带对流层顶层结构的变化特征和趋势

利用1989～2008年欧洲中期天气预报中心高时空分辨率的再分析资料以及1980～2019年的大气化学—气候模式模拟资料分析了热带对流层顶层(Tropical Tropopause Layer,T TL)结构的变化特征,并且预测了其未来变化趋势.结果表明,TTL结构存在明显的季节和空间变化.其厚度在北半球的春、秋两季比...     

Hydrothermal pattern of frozen soil in Nam Co lake basin,the Tibetan Plateau

Hydrothermal processes and the regimes of frozen soil formed in alpine regions with glaciers and lake area are complex and important for ecological environment but have not been studied in Tibet. Based on soil temperature and moisture data from October 2005 to September 2006 collected in the Nam Co lake basin, Tibetan Plateau (TP), those questions were discussed. The mean annual air temperature was −3.4°C with 8 months below 0°C. Air and soil temperature varied between −25.3~13.1°C and −10.3~8.8°C, respectively. Soil moisture variations in the active layer were small with the minimum value of 1.4%, but were influenced greatly by snowmelt, rainfall and evaporation, varying up to 53.8%. The active layer froze later, thawed earlier and was thinner, however, the lower altitude limit of permafrost is higher than that in most areas of TP. The effects of soil moisture (unfrozen water content) on soil temperature, which were estimated through proposed models, were more significant near ground surface than the other layers. The surface soil temperature decreased with snowcover, the effect of cold snow meltwater infiltration on soil thermal conditions was negligible, however, the effect of rainfall infiltration was evident causing thermal disruptions.     

寒区有隔热层的圆形隧道温度场解析解

在多年冻土地区修建隧道,会影响到多年冻土的热稳定性,目前一般采用在隧道衬砌中设置隔热层的方法来防止冻土嗣岩融化.根据隧道现场实测的气温资料,考虑正弦曲线规律变化的对流换热边界条件,建立了一次衬砌、隔热层、二次衬砌及围岩4层结构的圆形隧道热传导方程.运用微分方程求解方法和贝塞尔特征函数的正交和展开定理,对4个热传导方程进行了求解,得到隧道一次衬砌、隔热层、二次衬砌及同岩4层结构温度场的解析解,将计算结果与现场实测结果进行比较,吻合良好.计算结果还表明,在衬砌中铺设厚5 cm、导热系数为0.03 W·m-1·℃-1的隔热层可以保证风火山隧道围岩不发生季节性融化.该解析解可用于验证其它数值方法的计算结果,也便于工程设计人员和施工人员对同类寒区隧道进行温度场的计算,因而具有一定的工程应用价值.     

铁路碎石道碴层通风阻力参数试验研究

铁路碎石道碴层能被看作高渗透率的多孔介质,由于其具有较好的通风特性,它的存在改变了寒区铁路路基的顶部热交换条件,对路基温度场产生不可忽视的影响.为了能够实现对寒区铁路路基温度场的更合理预测,基于对铁路碎石道碴层传热和通风特性的研究现状,通过风洞试验对铁路碎石道碴层的通风特性及通风阻力参数进行了试验研究.试验中选用的铁路碎石道碴平均粒径为4.2cm,孔隙率为0.433,对不同空洞风速条件下铁路碎石道碴层中的压力梯度和渗流速度进行了测试分析.结果表明:铁路碎石道碴层中空气渗流速度随着压力梯度的增大而增大,其内部压力梯度与渗流速度之间存在良好的二次非线件关系.通过计算得到铁路碎石道碴层的渗透率和惯性阻力系数,为寒区铁路路基热稳定性的数值研究提供了参数依据.     

The dayside magnetospheric boundary layer at Mercury

Magnetic field and plasma data from the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft on the outbound portions of the first (M1) and second (M2) flybys of Mercury reveal a region of depressed magnetic field magnitude and enhanced proton fluxes adjacent to but within the magnetopause, which we denote as a dayside boundary layer. The layer was present during both encounters despite the contrasting dayside magnetic reconnection, which was minimal during M1 and strong during M2. The overall width of the layer is estimated to be between 1000 and 1400 km, spanning most of the distance from the dayside planetary surface to the magnetopause in the mid-morning. During both flybys the magnetic pressure decrease was ∼1.6 nPa, and the width of the inner edge was comparable to proton gyro-kinetic scales. The maximum variance in the magnetic field across the inner edge was aligned with the magnetic field vector, and the magnetic field direction did not change markedly, indicating that the change in field intensity was consistent with an outward plasma-pressure gradient perpendicular to the magnetic field. Proton pressures in the layer inferred from reduced distribution observations were 0.4 nPa during M1 and 1.0 nPa during M2, indicating either that the proton pressure estimates are low or that heavy ions contribute substantially to the boundary-layer plasma pressure. If the layer is formed by protons drifting westward from the cusp, there should be a strong morning–afternoon asymmetry that is independent of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction. Conversely, if heavy ions play a major role, the layer should be strong in the morning (afternoon) for northward (southward) IMF. Future MESSENGER observations from orbit about Mercury should distinguish between these two possibilities.     

Improving the estimate of wind energy input into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Based on the data and method offered by Liu et al. (2009), the direct wind and Stokes drift-induced energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) area are reestimated since the results of the former have been proved to be underestimated. And the result shows that the total rate of energy input into the Ekman-Stokes layer within the ACC area is 852.41 GW, including 649.75 GW of direct wind energy input (76%) and 202.66 GW of Stoke drift-induced energy input (24%). Total increased energy input, due to wave-induced Coriolis-Stokes forcing added to the classical Ekman model, is 52.05 GW, accounting for 6.5% of the wind energy input into the classical Ekman layer. The long-term variability of direct wind and Stokes drift-induced energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the ACC is also investigated, and the result shows that the Stokes drift hinders the decadal increasing trend of direct wind energy input. Meanwhile, there is a period of 4-5 a in the energy spectrums, as same as the Antarctic circumpolar wave.     

Tides in the Tongan Region of the Pacific Ocean

Tidal levels and currents in the Tongan region of the Pacific were simulated using a two-dimensional frequency-domain finite element model. The eight major diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents were modeled successfully, using open boundary conditions taken from a global tidal model based on the Topex/Poseidon satellite altimeter. Comparison of model results with observations from the single tide gauge site in the area were later used to adjust the boundary conditions. The validity of omitting horizontal eddy viscosity from the finite element model was checked by running an equivalent finite difference model. The results show that although the submarine Tongan ridge does not appear to trap tidal energy, there are residual tidal currents and possible recirculations which are capable of influencing biological productivity around Tonga. The model results are reduced to a simple method for predicting tidal heights in outlying areas, based only on the tidal calendar for the capital, Nuku'alofa.     

Influence of salinity on permeability characteristics of marine sediments

Abstract

Laboratory tests were conducted on compacted marine sediments to study the effect of salt concentration of permeating fluid on its permeability characteristics. Deep sea sediment samples were collected from water depths varying from 3700 to 4500 m off Mauritius coast. Liquid limit and plasticity index varied widely from 45 to 75 and 10 to 35, respectively. Permeability was found at different void ratios with distilled water and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 N NaCl solutions as permeating fluid. It was found that permeability increases with an increase in salt concentration for a given void ratio. This is explained by diffused double layer theory. Also, the rate of increase in permeability decreases with increase in salt concentration. The effect of salt concentration seemed to be less at higher void ratios.