广东雷州珍稀海洋生物国家级自然保护区水体和沉积物中石油类含量与分布特征

为了探讨广东雷州珍稀海洋生物国家级自然保护区海域水体和沉积物中石油类的含量及其分布特征,文章于2017年和2018年分别对保护区海域的石油类进行了调查。结果表明,保护区表层水体石油类含量为0.003~0.066mg/L,平均含量为0.015mg/L,平均污染指数为0.30,保护区水体中的石油类基本符合一类海水水质标准。保护区表层沉积物中石油类含量为3.0~54.8mg/kg,平均值为11.109mg/kg,符合海洋沉积物第一类质量标准。保护区水体和沉积物中石油类含量的变化规律基本相似,但是沉积物中石油类含量的变化更大。根据调查数据分析,保护区水体中石油类的主要来源是保护区社区小型渔船航行排放的石油类,以及保护区周边渔船在航行过程排放的石油类扩散到保护区海域。     

潮河口邻近海域氨基脲污染现状调查研究

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法,对山东东营潮河入海口邻近海域海水、沉积物及贝类体内氨基脲污染状况进行了调查研究。结果表明,潮河入海口邻近海域海水中氨基脲的浓度为0.18—70.6μg/L,沉积物中浓度为0.26—18.9μg/kg,生物体内含量为0.82—6.46μg/kg,与作者调查的其它海域相比,污染最为严重。氨基脲在潮河口邻近海域海水、沉积物和生物体内浓度都沿潮河向下呈放射性递减分布,说明潮河是污染的主要来源。本研究同时对不同品种生物体对氨基脲富集差异进行了比较,发现不同品种生物体对氨基脲的富集能力不尽相同。     

Modelling the effect of wave overtopping on nearshore hydrodynamics and morphodynamics around shore-parallel breakwaters

Wave overtopping nearshore coastal structures, such as shore-parallel breakwaters, can significantly alter the current circulation and sediment transport patterns around the structures, which in turn affects the formation of tombolos and salients in the nearshore area. This paper describes the implementation of a wave overtopping module into an existing depth-averaged coastal morphological mode: COAST2D and model applications to investigate the effect of wave overtopping on the hydrodynamics and morphodynamics around a group of shore-parallel breakwaters. The hydrodynamic aspects of the model were validated against a series of laboratory conditions. The model was then applied to a study site at Sea Palling, Norfolk, UK, where 9 shore-parallel segmented breakwaters including 4 surface-piercing and 5 low-crested breakwaters are present, for the storm conditions in Nov 2006. The model results were compared with laboratory data and field measurements, showing a good agreement on both hydrodynamics and morphological changes. Further analysis of wave overtopping effect on the nearshore hydrodynamics and morphodynamics reveals that wave overtopping has significant impacts on the nearshore circulation, sediment transport and the resulting morphological changes within such a complex breakwater scheme under the storm and macro-tide conditions. The results indicate the importance of including the wave overtopping in modelling nearshore morphodynamics with the presence of coastal structures.     

珠江磨刀门水道咸潮上溯加剧的原因

对磨刀门水道不同年份地形资料和多年枯季潮位资料进行了对比分析,结果表明:大规模的河床采砂,引起磨刀门上游河段河床大幅下切,河道深泓平均加深0.59~2.25 m,河槽容积平均增加8.91×106~12.11×106m3,使该河段枯季潮差增大,进潮量增加,潮汐动力增强,导致咸水界向上游河段推移;口门围垦整治后,磨刀门口门区由众多岛屿环抱而成的内海区变成人工导堤控制的"一主一支"两条水道,水域面积减少了80%,河槽容积减少了40%,深槽趋于顺直加深,使口门区的"调淡"作用消失,这是咸潮上溯的重要原因;根据多年水文频率分析,发生严重咸潮灾害时,西、北江枯季流量并非都是枯水流量,因此枯季上游来水量变化并不是近年来咸潮灾害加剧的主要原因。     

Phosphate mineral accumulation in lake sediment to form a secondary phosphate source: A case study in lake sediment around Eppawala Phosphate Deposit (EPD) in Sri Lanka

Global phosphorus scarcity will result in significant consequences for future food security with the depletion of current phosphate reserves.Therefore,exploration of new phosphorus sources is essential to address future phosphorus scarcity.The current study investigated the geochemical potential of lake sediment around the Eppawala Phosphate Deposit(EPD)in Sri Lanka to be used as a low-grade phosphorus source for agricultural purposes.Jaya-Ganga is a man-made water canal that drains through the EPD feeding three lakes,namely,upstream Ihalahalmilla Lake and Koon Lake,and downstream Kiralogama Lake with respect to the EPD.Three cores(cores A,B,and C)were collected from the above three lakes and major oxides and minerals distributions along the cores were analyzed.Notable high enrichment of phosphorus pentoxide(P2O5)content and high P2O5 solubility values were measured in the top 60 cm sediment layer in Core B and throughout the Core C compared to the Core A.This high enrichment of P2O5 content in the same sediment columns were confirmed by the comparison with the Upper Continental Crust(UCC)values and literature survey.According to the X-ray Diffraction(XRD)results,phosphate minerals,such as fluorapatite,crandallite,and millisite were abundantly found in the same sediment columns.Therefore,these phosphate minerals can be considered as pathfinding minerals for soluble phosphates in sediment cores.Thus,sediment with high P2O5 content and high solubility in downstream Kiralogama Lake showed the potential for application of these sediments as a direct phosphate source in agricultural purposes.Furthermore,the current study has introduced a new area of interest,i.e.,soil and sediments around major phosphate deposits,for the exploration of new phosphate sources to meet future phosphorus demand.     

Experimental study on the effect of bottomless structure in front of a bottom outlet on a sediment flushing cone

One of the main problems in reservoirs is sedimentation which reduces the operating life of dams if a proper plan and analysis method are not in place.The techniques to manage sediment in reservoirs include several sustainable management techniques that route sediment through or around the reservoir.One of the main economical methods in arid and semi-arid regions is pressurized flushing using moderate drawdown of the water level of the reservoir to evacuate sediment deposited behind dams.In the current study,the effect of a new structure called a dendritic bottomless extended(DBE)outlet structure at three angles of 30°,45°,and 60°
on pressurized flushing efficiency was investigated.Consequently,45 experiments were designed for three discharge rates (Qo),three sediment levels(Hs),four types of structure,and a no-structure condition(reference test).The results indicated that the DBE structure with a 30°angle between the branches,a sedimentary dimensionless index of Hs/Do=4.59,and a flow dimensionless index of Qo=/√gD05=1:43(where g is the acceleration of gravity and Do is the diameter of the bottom outlet)lead to 10-fold increase in the sediment flushing cone dimensions and sediment removal efficiency compared to the results of the reference test.Finally,according to a statistical analysis of the results,a dimensionless equation for calculating the sediment flushing cone dimensions was developed for the tested sediment characteristics.     

DRY-SEASON VARIABILITY IN SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SOUTH PASSAGE OF THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARY

This paper reports the results of continuous monitoring of turbidity, water depth, salinity (using an Optical Backscatter Sensor (OBS)), and current velocity (using a Current meter (SLC9-2)) in the South Passage of the Changjiang Estuary over a spring–neap period in February 2003 (dry season). The turbidity measured via OBS was closely correlated with the suspended sediment concentration (SSC), which was highly variable. Over the study period, the SSC in the middle layer ranged from 110 to 1400 mg/l. The minimum SSC occurred during a late ebb tide, and the maximum SSC occurred during a late flood tide. On average, the SSC was 1.5 times higher during flood tide than during ebb tide. Vertically within the water column, SSC increased downward, with the ratio of SSC measured near the bed to that measured at the surface ranging from 1.90 to 18.3. The temporal variability in SSC is jointly governed by tides and wind-induced waves, whereas the vertical variability in SSC is attributed to the effect of gravity and vertical water circulation.     

青海湖沉积物中的粘土矿物

本文对青海湖沉积物中的粘土矿物和沉积环境进行了初步研究。沉积物的粒度成分一般以粉砂级为主,湖周沉积物较粗,湖内沉积物较细。湖中粘土矿物以伊利石-绿泥石为主,含少量蒙脱石和高岭石等。沉积物表层未见蒙脱石,粘土中Al₂O₃、K₂O和MgO的相对百分含量的特征与海粘土的化学成分特征相似。     

骊山山前断裂第四纪活动性的研究

骊山山前断裂是发育于骊山凸起北侧的一条近东西走向并向北倾斜的正断层。断裂形变遗迹,地貌标志、新生代沉积物的厚度变化特征表明,该断裂第四纪晚期以来,在区域构造引张应力场的控制下,一直作掀斜式的倾向拉张运动。在长期的形变过程中表现了蠕滑和粘滑两种活动方式。现在仍在以蠕动的方式运动着。