Rio Tinto estuary (Spain): 5000 years of pollution

 Mining of massive sulfide deposits in southwestern Spain extending back to the Copper and Bronze Ages has resulted in the pollution of the Rio Tinto fluvial-estuarine complex, the site of Columbus' departure for the New World in 1492. Additional sources of potential pollution include the large industrial complex at Huelva near the lower portion of the estuary. Extensive analysis of surface sediment samples and cores has established that there are no geographic trends in the distribution of the pollutants, which include Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Ti, Ba, Cr, V and Co. These data have, however, demonstrated that tidal flux within the estuary carries phosphorus and perhaps other elements from the industrial complex at Huelva to the tidal limit of the system, several kilometers upstream from the discharge site. Radiometric analysis of short cores shows that sedimentation rates over at least the past couple of centuries have been about 0.3 cm/year. These data and that from a single deep core demonstrate that the estuary was polluted from mining activity long before the large-scale operations began in the late nineteenth century. Received: 3 May 1999 · Accepted: 18 October 1999     

MANAGEMENT AND SUBSURFACE EFFECTS ON RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS

lINTR0DUCTIONSoiler0si0ncanbeaseriousproblemonsl0pinguplands0fthes0uthemUnitedStatesthatareintensivelycr0pped.Conservati0nprovisionsofthel985U.S.FarmBillmandateddevelopmentofaconservati0nplanonhighlyer0diblelands.Researchwasinitiatedinl9870na28-haareaattheA-E.Nels0nFarrninn0rthernMississippit0determineiftheconservati0nprovisionscouldbeachievedwhileprofitablygr0wingrowcropsincludingcott0n(GosSyPiumhirsutumL.),soybean(GlyciDemax(L.)Merr.),sorghum(SOrghumbicolor(L.)Moench),c0rn(Zeam…     

The evolution of the Dutch and Belgian coasts and the role of sand supply from the North Sea

During the Holocene, the Dutch and Belgian coasts evolved, controlled by post-glacial eustatic sea-level rise, spatially varying vertical subsurface motions (glacio-isostatic crustal rebound, compaction, tectonics) and spatially varying sediment supply (mainly marine sand). The marine sand supply changed as the tidal dynamics and the wave climate changed due to the changing geometry and depth of the North Sea during the Holocene transgression. These changes influenced the coastal evolution. This study compares the results of separate numerical model calculations of the large-scale Holocene tide- and wave-induced sand transport in the southern North Sea with existing geological data of the Dutch and Belgian large-scale coastal evolution, resulting in a qualitatively good correlation. The large-scale coastal evolution is interpreted in terms of the oceanographical forcing, and an integrated conceptual model of the Holocene evolution of the Dutch and Belgian coasts is proposed. The large-scale wave-driven bed-load transport was an order of magnitude smaller than the tidal transports. The modelled tidal transport direction changed from onshore before 6 ka BP to along shore at present for the Zeeland and Holland coasts; the influence that waves may have had on the tidal transport by suspending sand gradually decreased. This change in direction caused the modelled tidal sand supply to the coast to decrease for the Belgian, Zeeland and Holland coasts. While the offshore area of the Holland coast remained a zone of (small) deposition due to decreasing northward sand transports, the offshore area of the Zeeland coast became increasingly erosional after 6 ka BP due to the encroaching divergence of the tidal transports. Due to uncertainty in the magnitude of the modelled sand transports, but robustness in the transport patterns, the focus is on the qualitative rather than the quantitative model results. When compared with the trend of closure, expansion and later erosion and reopening of the coast, the above decrease in sand supply must have been slow enough compared with the decrease in sea-level rise to cause a temporary sand surplus which decayed to a slight deficit as the decrease in supply and the rise in sea level continued. The Wadden Sea coast exchanged little or no sand with the adjacent deeper North Sea throughout the Holocene.     

珠江三角洲干流汊道泥沙分配及变化--以西、北江三角洲为例

通过对６０年代和９０年代珠江三角洲河网典型汊河泥沙分配变化的对比分析,认为（１）珠江河口区的泥沙主要来自陆相径流挟带的下行泥沙和随潮流挟带的上溯泥沙,其中径流及其挟带的泥沙是现代珠江三角洲建造过程中的基本动力和物质,起着主导作用,而珠江河口区由径流挟带的悬移质泥沙又主要来自西江。（２）西北江干沙处于逐年淤积的总趋势,其中河流段冲淤变化不大,过渡段有冲有淤,以淤为主,潮流段由是普遍淤积。（４）海平面     

人为动力泥沙灾害类型及其特征初步研究

人为动力泥沙灾害是人类活动无意地导致地表物质侵蚀、输移、沉积过程中的渐近或超临界现象 ,它具有独特的社会学及灾害学属性。按人为驱动力形式、灾害所在地貌部位、灾害的表现形式及具体灾害现象 ,人为动力泥沙灾害系列可划分为 :流域水系、沟道坡面、河道及平原河口海岸四个泥沙灾害类 ;各灾害类包括侵蚀型、搬运型、堆积型、复杂型及关联型五种泥沙灾害型 ;共 54个灾害种。这是一种比较综合、系统的人为动力泥沙灾害类型划分。从流水地貌、泥沙运动及灾害学相结合出发 ,人为动力泥沙灾害具有以下特征 :1地理地带基础上的加剧性特征 ;2人文环境影响下的渐变性与急变性特征 ;3盲目性驱动下的无序性特征 ;4复杂性和非线性特征等。人文环境的变化是人为动力泥沙灾害产生的主要原因。只有加强管理力度 ,提高人民的环境保护意识 ,才能控制人为泥沙灾害的发生。     

表层系列采泥器生产过程中的工艺设计和工艺保障

本文主要介绍了三种系列采泥器在加工生产过程中的工艺设计及工艺保障。     

厦门-金门海域表层沉积物中重金属铜铅锌镉的含量分布

1995年 1 0月调查研究了厦门 金门海域表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的含量 ,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的平均浓度分别为 1 6 .6、5 2 .6、1 0 4、0 .2 0 5 (× 1 0 -6m/m ,干重 )。根据底质标准 ,Pb、Zn明显超标。从平面分布看 ,厦门岛南部海区(XJ1～XJ4号站 )的重金属含量高于北部海区 (XJ5～XJ7号站 ) ,北部海区又高于东部海区 (XJ9、R1、R2号站 ) ,尤其是南部海区的XJ1、XJ2、XJ3号站其含量明显较高。这一分布特征表明除了九龙江河流对该海域的贡献外 ,西海域的输入也是一个重要的因素。位于东部海区的XJ9、R1、R2号站 ,从XJ9至较靠近金门的R1、R2号站 ,重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的含量略有回升 ,其来源有待于进一步分析探讨。     

长江河口南汇嘴潮滩近期演变分析

南汇嘴潮滩位于长江口和杭州湾的交汇地带,受长江口和杭州湾北岸两股潮流的控制,近年来由于低潮滩促淤围垦工程导致其水流和泥沙运移、沉积和地貌发生了显著的变化。根据近期水文泥沙观测资料及1993年、1998年、2003年、2005年的实测地形图资料,分析了南汇嘴潮滩近期演变特征。研究结果表明:1993-1998年为淤涨期;1998-2003年为冲淤调整期;2003-2005年呈现向外淤涨的趋势。而造成这一趋势的原因主要包括潮滩海洋动力作用、长江入海泥沙变化及近岸海岸工程建设等。     

Two-dimensional modeling of fine sediment transport with mixed sediment and consolidation: Application to the Gironde Estuary,France

In order to optimize ship navigation in the macrotidal Gironde Estuary, a recent project funded by the port of Bordeaux aims at better understand and forecast hydrodynamic and fine sediment transport within the estuary. In the framework of this project, a two-dimensional hydro-sedimentary model is built. The model includes hydrodynamic forcings, mixed-sediment transport, and consolidation processes. The harmonic analysis of the astronomical tides reveals a strong distortion of the tidal wave inducing the growth of overtide constituents and the non-significant effect of tide-surge interactions in annual-scale prediction. Depending on hydrological conditions, river discharge can considerably alter the model accuracy due to the migration of the turbidity maximum zone modifying the bottom roughness. Comparison with measurements shows the ability of the model to reproduce suspended-sediment concentrations in the central Estuary. Sensitivity of the model to sediment features has also been discussed in regard of suspended-sediment concentrations and fluid mud deposits. The model will be further coupled with ship squat predictions and a morphodynamic model.     

南海ODP1144站深海沉积牵引体的岩石物理模型研究

ODP1144站是南海唯一钻揭深海沉积牵引体的站位,其完整的岩芯和测井资料为开展该沉积牵引体的岩石物理模型研究提供了良好的基础。此项研究对于理解南海深海沉积物中岩性参数与弹性参数间的关系具有重要意义,并可为根据反射地震资料开展定量岩性参数预测提供依据。对现有的深海沉积物岩石物理模型包括Wood悬浮模型、等球体颗粒接触模型、Sun速度一孔隙度关系模型进行了综述。根据岩芯分析资料将1144站深海沉积物的矿物组分简化为粘土矿物、碳酸盐、陆源碎屑和硅质生物4类;其中后3种组分的弹性模量及密度值分别由其代表矿物——方解石、石英及蛋白石的理论值代替,粘土矿物组分的等效弹性模量和等效密度则分别由Voigt-Reuss-Hill平均和体积平均计算得出。将3种岩石物理模型应用于1144站,计算得出深海沉积物的纵波速度并将其与声波测井纵波速度进行比较。结果表明,Sun模型计算结果与实测结果的吻合最好,误差最小;Wood模型所得结果在浅层与实测结果较吻合,在深层与实测结果出现偏差,误差较小;而等球体颗粒接触模型计算结果整体偏高,误差较大。