中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔0～2000米斜长片麻岩的地球化学性质及成因研究

在苏鲁-大别山造山带内,黑云斜长片麻岩习惯被称为副片麻岩,它也是中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔岩芯中一种重要岩石类型,不仅构成了孔深738-1113m之间斜长片麻岩岩性段的主体,在其它岩性段也有少量以“夹层”的形式产出。其中除少数斜长片麻岩可能是由榴辉岩经斜长角闪岩退变而来或由含泥质的沉积岩变质而来外,绝大多数斜长片麻岩的地球化学特征与现残存的扬子地台北缘晚元古代双峰式火山岩的酸性端元非常相似,指示它们的原岩可能类似于这些酸性火山碎屑岩-凝灰岩。斜长片麻岩中不同元素之间的相关性差别很大,这主要与超高压变质及随后的退变质过程中元素间活性的差异有关。其中SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、FeO、CaO、Cr、Ni、V、Co、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sc等与MgO具明显相关性,它们与MgO一样属不活泼元素。重稀土元素及Y也属于不活泼元素。而K2O、Pb、Rb、Ba、U、Th等大离子亲石元素与MgO之间没有任何相关性,这些元素属活泼元素。Na2O、Sr、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等则介于两类之间,可视为准不活泼元素。LREE虽然有一定的活性,但即使是超高压变质作用,也没有从根本上改变稀土元素的分配模式,仍可有效地应用于对原岩性质的恢复。对比研究表明,斜长片麻岩与花岗片麻岩在地球化学性质上存在着明显的差异,其中前者的MgO、TiO2、CaO以及过渡元素的含量明显偏高,尤以低的K2O/Na2O和Rb/Sr比而明显不同于花岗片麻岩。此外,与花岗片麻岩强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.21-0.26)和Ba负异常不同,斜长片麻岩中Eu负异常的程度相对较弱(8Eu大于0.5),且总体表现为Ba正异常。绝大多数“副片麻岩”和花岗片麻岩(>90%)可以根据全岩的地球化学特征加以有效区分。     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔0~2000 m榴辉岩的退变质过程

中国大陆科学钻探主孔位于大别-苏鲁这条典型的超高压变质带上，孔内0-2000m的岩心中，各种榴辉岩占到50％以上。榴辉岩大多经历了不同程度的退变质。依据榴辉岩中主要矿物绿辉石和石榴石的退变质程度，0-2000m榴辉岩的退变质过程可分为2个大阶段，4个亚阶段：第一大阶段(又分为轻微退变质、部分退变质)、第二大阶段(又分为退变质和强退变质)。总的退变质趋势是：石榴石逐渐被韭角闪石或黑云母 绿帘石替代；绿辉石逐渐被角闪石 钠长石后成合晶替代，硬玉(1d)含量逐渐减少，并部分转化为霓辉石。榴辉岩在退变质过程中所经历的温压条件为：峰期变质温度为697-831℃，压力3．0Gpa左右；部分退变质阶段温度为629-776℃，压力1．2-1．6Gpa；退变质阶段温度为550-650℃，压力O．5-0．7Gpa；强退变质阶段温度为300-400℃，压力0．30-0．35Gpa。综合岩石、矿物及形成温压条件等特征，推断榴辉岩的折返过程经历了两个大阶段：第一大阶段是近等温降压的快速折返(榴辉岩在此期间经历了第一大阶段的退变质)，第二大阶段是降温降压的缓慢抬升(榴辉岩继而经历了第二大阶段的退变质)。绿辉石的完全退变质，既是划分榴辉岩两大退变质阶段的标志，同时也是区分两大折返阶段的标志。     

全面落实科学发展观建立矿产资源开发利用的生态创新体系

以科学发展观为指导,分析了传统技术创新体系的可持续发展问题。通过整合生态创新体系的各个要素,构建了可持续发展的生态观念创新体系、生态制度创新体系和生态技术创新体系,进而建立起矿业可持续发展的生态创新体系的模型。     

Space–time multiresolution atomistic visualization of MgO and MgSiO3 liquid data

First-principles molecular dynamics simulations of complex material systems such as geophysically relevant oxide and silicate liquids produce massive amounts of time-varying three-dimensional data for the atomic configurations. Given the high accuracy of these data, it is desirable to extract as much information hidden in the data as possible. In this paper, we elaborate on our recently proposed scheme to support interactive visualization at space–time multiresolution of the atomistic simulation data. Instead of just focusing on direct rendering of the given data, additional data (containing more quantitative and qualitative information) that usually have to be extracted by some other means are extracted and rendered on the fly. This allows us to gain better insight into the global as well as local spatio-temporal behavior of the data in the context of bonding, radial distribution, atomic coordination, clustering, structural stability and distortion, and diffusion. We illustrate such visualization for the simulation data on the liquid phases of MgO and MgSiO₃—the two most abundant components of Earth’s mantle. Our analysis shows that the structure and dynamics of both liquids change substantially with compression, with no discernible effects of temperature in most cases.     

The search for uranium in 'nuclear-free' New Zealand: Prospecting on the West Coast, 1940s to 1970s

Abstract:  In a government search for uranium in 1944–1946, uneconomic deposits of radioactive minerals were found concentrated in dredge tailings on the West Coast. In 1954 a new search was initiated, leading to the 1955 discovery of uranium in the Buller Gorge. In the 25-year investigation programme that followed, prospectors were assisted by staff from the Mines Department and the Geological Survey and were funded by grants from the New Zealand and UK governments. The prospecting continued unchallenged by the media or peace or environmental movements until 1979 when it ended for economic rather than philosophical reasons.     

四川龙门山安县-灌县断裂带的特征——以汶川地震断裂带科学钻探3号孔(WFSD-3)岩心为例

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探(WFSD)是由科技部、国土资源部和中国地震局联合组织实施的汶川地震断裂带科学钻探研究项目,计划在同震地表破裂带(龙门山映秀-北川断裂和安县-灌县断裂)的上盘布置5口科学群钻:WFSD-1、WFSD-2、WFSD-3、WFSD-3P和WFSD-4,其中WFSD-3和WFSD-3P位于龙门山前山断裂安县-灌县断裂的上盘。以WFSD-3钻孔岩心为研究对象,进行详细的岩石学、构造学、野外编录等研究。WFSD-3钻孔岩心中的断裂岩主要由断层角砾岩、碎裂岩和断层泥组成,未见假玄武玻璃。钻孔中存在26条规模不等的断裂带,断裂密度显示FZ634、FZ1215和FZ1250为主要断裂带,而FZ1250可能为2008年汶川地震的主滑移带。安县-灌县断裂在地表和WFSD-3P、WFSD-3钻孔岩心中的断层倾角分别约为60°、46°和38°,显示安县-灌县断裂倾角从地表至深部逐渐变缓,为一铲式逆冲断层。     

北京市十渡国家地质公园地质遗迹评价方法及应用

本文是以北京十渡国家地质公园为例,结合《国家地质公园规划编制技术要求》,对公园内地质遗迹的科学价值、美学价值、科普价值及旅游开发价值分别进行了定性、定量评价,利用层次分析法和德尔菲法对公园内地质遗迹进行了综合评价,将公园内地质遗迹分为世界级、国家级、省级、地方级4个等级,为政府保护与管理地质遗迹提供科学依据。     

Channelized fluids in subducted continental crust: constraints from δD–δ18O of quartz and fluid inclusions in quartz veins from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project

Fluid inclusions hosted by quartz veins in high-pressure to ultrahigh-pressure (HP-UHP) metamorphic rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) Project main drillhole have low, varied hydrogen isotopic compositions (δD?=??97‰ to??69‰). Quartz δ¹⁸O values range from??2.5‰ to 9.6‰; fluid inclusions hosted in quartz have correspondingly low δ¹⁸O values of??11.66‰ to 0.93‰ (T _h?=?171.2～318.8°C). The low δD and δ¹⁸O isotopic data indicate that protoliths of some CCSD HP-UHP metamorphic rocks reacted with meteoric water at high latitude near the surface before being subducted to great depth. In addition, the δ¹⁸O of the quartz veins and fluid inclusions vary greatly with the drillhole depth. Lower δ¹⁸O values occur at depths of ～900–1000 m and ～2700 m, whereas higher values characterize rocks at depths of about 1770 m and 4000 m, correlating roughly with those of wall-rock minerals. Given that the peak metamorphic temperature of the Dabie-Sulu UHP metamorphic rocks was about 800°C or higher, much higher than the closure temperature of oxygen isotopes in quartz under wet conditions, such synchronous variations can be explained by re-equilibration. In contrast, δD values of fluid inclusions show a different relationship with depth. This is probably because oxygen is a major element of both fluids and silicates and is much more abundant in the quartz veins and silicate minerals than is hydrogen. The oxygen isotope composition of fluid inclusions is evidently more susceptible to late-stage re-equilibration with silicate minerals than is the hydrogen isotope composition. Therefore, different δD and δ¹⁸O patterns imply that dramatic fluid migration occurred, whereas the co-variation of oxygen isotopes in fluid inclusions, quartz veins, and wall-rock minerals can be better interpreted by re-equilibration during exhumation.

Quartz veins in the Dabie-Sulu UHP metamorphic terrane are the product of high-Si fluids. Given that channelized fluid migration is much faster than pervasive flow, and that the veins formed through precipitation of quartz from high-Si fluids, the abundant veins indicate significant fluid mobilization and migration within this subducted continental slab. Many mineral reactions can produce high-Si fluids. For UHP metamorphic rocks, major dehydration during subduction occurred when pressure–temperature conditions exceeded the stability of lawsonite. In contrast, for low-temperature eclogites and other HP metamorphic rocks with peak metamorphic P–T conditions within the stability field of lawsonite, dehydration and associated high-Si fluid release may have occurred as hydrous minerals were destabilized at lower pressure during exhumation. Because subduction is a continuous process whereas only a minor fraction of the subducted slabs returns to the surface, dehydration during underflow is more prevalent than exhumation even in subducted continental crust, which is considerably drier than altered oceanic crust.     

赣南盘古山钨矿隐伏花岗岩体岩石学与地球化学特征

著名的盘古山大型钨矿与深部隐伏花岗岩体具有密切成因关系,但因该岩体隐伏深,相关研究资料较为欠缺,很大程度上影响了对矿床岩浆-热液-成矿作用的深入认识。南岭科学钻探(SP-NLSD-2)揭露该岩体后,本文对其开展了岩石学和元素地球化学研究。结果表明,该岩体具有超酸性、富碱、贫钠富钾等特征,属于准铝-过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩。形成该岩体的花岗岩浆为高度分异演化的残浆,W、Bi等元素含量明显高于南岭燕山期花岗岩,为盘古山钨铋矿床的形成提供了丰富的矿质。岩浆演化至云英岩化阶段时,岩浆中的Mo、Bi、Cu、Pb及REE含量增加,而W、Sn含量则因已转移到岩浆期后热液而降低。岩体形成于板内伸展环境。     

以科学发展观统领测绘工作初探

为贯彻落实科学发展观对测绘工作的要求,应以科学发展观统领国土资源测绘工作全局,充分利用测绘成果以及现代测绘技术,为推进科学发展提供保障服务。