垂直网格计算频散性的研究

在线性斜压原始方程组的基础上, 从频率和群速方面讨论了几种垂直跳点网格和时间—垂直跳点网格的计算频散性, 并指出了出现错误群速的垂直尺度范围。以便为原始方程大气模式选取垂直网格提供指导。     

喀斯特石漠化评价指标体系探讨——以贵州省为例

从喀斯特石漠化的科学内涵出发,探讨喀斯特石漠化评价的具体内容,指出喀斯特石漠化评价应从现状、危险性以及发展速率3个方面进行.评价指标选取所依据的原则,探讨了指标体系适用的时、空尺度范围;根据已有研究成果,分析喀斯特石漠化不同等级指标量化界线确定的生态基准,初步建立了石漠化评价的指标体系.     

基于特征提取的光学影像和SAR影像自动配准

针对现有的配准方法用于多光谱影像与SAR遥感影像配准时,存在受SAR图像斑纹噪声影像大、手工选取配准控制点精度低、利用图像景物特征配准时获取区域和边沿困难等问题,以SPOT5影像与RADARSATSAR影像配准进行实验,提出了一种利用改进的SIFT在提取的特征图像上寻找匹配点进行粗配准,然后利用交叉累积剩余熵作为相似性测度结合原始影像信息寻找光学特征图像的角点在SAR影像上的匹配点并进行精配准的方法,配准精度达到了子像素级水平。实验结果表明该方法对多源遥感影像有很强的适应性,配准精度高。     

面向对象高分辨率影像信息提取中的尺度效应研究

研究了遥感信息提取中的尺度效应问题,进行了影像对象分形维数、紧凑度、面积、均值、标准差和与邻域均值差分等指标的实验研究,发现所有类别对象的这些指标值都会随尺度变化发生不同程度的变化,相同的地物在不同的尺度上的表现均是不同的,不同目标在影像上具有的特征值、尺度是不同的,需要在最佳尺度影像中提取感兴趣信息。     

Temporal scaling in river flow: can it be chaotic? / L’invariance d’échelle de l’écoulement fluvial peut-elle être chaotique?

Abstract

Abstract Identification of the presence of scaling in the river flow process has been a challenging problem in hydrology. Studies conducted thus far have viewed this problem essentially from a stochastic perspective, because the river flow process has traditionally been assumed to be a result of a very large number of variables. However, recent studies employing nonlinear deterministic and chaotic dynamic concepts have reported that the river flow process could also be the outcome of a deterministic system with only a few dominant variables. In the wake of such reports, a preliminary attempt is made in this study to investigate the type of scaling behaviour in the river flow process (i.e. chaotic or stochastic). The investigation is limited only to temporal scaling. Flow data of three different scales (daily, 5-day and 7-day) observed in each of three rivers in the USA: the Kentucky River in Kentucky, the Merced River in California and the Stillaguamish River in Washington, are analysed. It is assumed that the dynamic behaviour of the river flow process at these individual scales provides clues about the scaling behaviour between these scales. The correlation dimension is used as an indicator to distinguish between chaotic and stochastic behaviours. The results are mixed with regard to the type of flow behaviour at individual scales and, hence, to the type of scaling behaviour, as some data sets show chaotic behaviour while others show stochastic behaviour. They suggest that characterization (chaotic or stochastic) of river flow should be a necessary first step in any scaling study, as it could provide important information on the appropriate approach for data transformation purposes.     

Effects of topography on lofting gravity flows: Implications for the deposition of deep-water massive sands

Hyperpycnal flows are generated in the marine environment by sediment-laden fresh water discharge into the ocean. They frequently form at river mouths and are also generated in proximal ice-melting settings and are thought to be responsible for transporting a large proportion of suspended river sediment onto and off the continental shelf. Hyperpycnal flows are an example of gravity currents that display reversing buoyancy. This phenomenon is generated by the fresh water interstitial fluid being less dense than that of the ambient seawater. Thus after sufficient particles are sedimented the flow can become positively buoyant and loft, forming a rising plume. Here we present results from physical scale-modelling experiments of lofting gravity currents upon interaction with topography. Topography, in the form of a vertical obstacle, triggered a localised lofting zone on its upstream side. This lofting zone was maintained in a fixed position until the bulk density of the flow had reduced enough to allow lofting along its entire length. The obstructed lofting zone is associated with a sharp increase in deposit thickness. By inference these experimentally established lofting dynamics are applied to improve understanding of the potential for hyperpycnal flows to deposit deep-water massive sands. This study provides a depositional mechanism by which large volumes of sand can be deposited in the absence of traction and the fines removed, leaving thick deposits of structureless sand with a low percentage of mud. This conceptual model for the first time provides a framework by which the geometries of certain deep-water massive sands may be predicted within specific depositional and basinal settings. This is crucial to our understanding of massive sand deposits in modern and ancient turbiditic systems and in the commercial evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of such sedimentary successions.     

光速不变原理推广（Ⅱ）──论弯曲时空中光速不变

根据等效原理及理论自洽的要求，把光速不变原理推广到弯曲时空。并在此基础上阐明了坐标、坐标变换，物理量的描述与测量等最基本问题的物理意义。     

Multi‐scale correlations between topography and vegetation in a hillside catchment of Honduras

All systems have causes and effects that can be appreciated at different spatial scales. Understanding and representing the complexity of multi‐scale patterns in maps and spatial models are key research objectives. We describe the use of three types of correlation analyses: (1) a standard Pearson correlation coefficient, (2) a ‘global’ multi‐scale correlation, and (3) local geographically weighted correlation. These methods were applied to topographic and vegetation indices in a small catchment in Honduras that is representative of the country's hillsides agro‐ecosystem which suffers from severe environmental degradation due to land‐use decisions that lead to deforestation, overgrazing, and unsustainable agricultural. If the geographical scale at which topography matters for land‐use allocation can be determined, then integration of knowledge systems can be focused. Our preliminary results show that: (1) single‐scale correlations do not adequately represent the relationship between NDVI and topographic indices; (2) peaks in the global multi‐scale correlations in agricultural areas coincided with the median farm size, but there was no evidence of any community or larger‐scale land‐use planning or optimization; and (3) local multi‐scale correlations varied considerably from the global results at all scales, and these variations have a strong spatial structure which may indicate local optimization of land use.     

A comparison of drainage networks derived from digital elevation models at two scales

Automated generation of drainage networks has become increasingly popular with powerful analytical functions in geographic information systems (GIS) and with the increased availability of digital elevation models (DEMs). This paper compares drainage networks derived from DEMs at two scales, 1:250 000 (250K) and 1:24 000 (24K), using various drainage parameters common in hydrology and geomorphology. The comparison of parameters derived from the 250K DEMs with those from the 24K DEMs in 20 basins ranging from 150 to 1000 km² in West Virginia shows that the goodness-of-fit between parameter estimates based on the DEMs varies. Results clearly show that superior estimations are produced from the 24K DEMs. Better estimates can be obtained from the 250K DEMs for stream length and frequency parameters than for gradient parameters. However, the estimation of the mean gradient parameters based on the 250K DEMs seems to improve with increasing terrain complexity. Finally, basin size does not strongly affect the accuracy of parameter estimates based on the 250K DEMs.     

Abflußereignisse,eine skalenabhängige multiple Antwort von Einzugsgebieten auf Niederschläge

Flood Events, a Multiple Basin Response to Precipitation Events at Different Scales Results in the small catchment of the Kartelbornsbach have shown that summer events lead to typical types of flood waves that can be classified according to their response patterns. Differences to this pattern are due to the precipitation amount and duration and in some times to the pre-event moisture of the soil. The results show further that the Kartelbornsbach catchment can be considered as a block system where spatial differences are responsible for the basic pattern of the reaction but not for differences between flood events. Small catchments are excellent tools for relatively inexpensive hydrological and hydrochemical research on streamflow generation mechanisms. With increasing size of the basin the response becomes less clear, because the spatial distribution of rainfall and the distance of delivering areas from the sampling station mask or modify the type of response. Although the main flow components may not change, there is a considerable shift in the composition of water quality, because the increase of travel time does not affect all flow components at the same rate.