Differential transport and degradation of bulk organic carbon and specific terrestrial biomarkers in the surface waters of a sub-arctic brackish bay mixing zone

Detailed organic geochemical analyses were performed on surface water particulate samples of the lower Kalix River and northern Bothnian Bay collected during the spring flood of 2005. Both bulk geochemical and molecular biomarker analyses indicated a predominance of terrestrially-derived particulate organic matter (POM), both of higher plant and Sphagnum origin in the low salinity zone (LSZ) of the Kalix River estuary, with an increasing contribution of marine-derived POM in the offshore Bothnian Bay basin.Two-dimensional box modeling of the mixed surface layer in the LSZ indicated that 65% of the particulate organic carbon (POC) and between 73 and 93% of the terrestrial biomarker classes analyzed (high molecular weight n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and n-alkanols as well as sitosterol) were degraded in the course of their weeklong transit through the inner LSZ during the spring flood. This corresponds to field-based degradation rate constants for the biomarkers of 0.5 and 2.5 day^− 1, which are similar to results reported from mesocosm experiments for related compounds. The degradation rate constant for terrestrial POC of 0.38 day^− 1 was about 20 times larger than for DOC and suggests that POC mineralization stands for 44% of the total mineralization, which is much larger than previously considered.This sub-arctic river-export regime has a geochemistry resembling that of neighboring western Russian Arctic Rivers, suggesting that a large part of the OM coastally exported from northernmost Eurasian soils may be degraded within the vicinity of the river mouths and putatively be released as carbon dioxide. The 65% degradation of terrestrial POC in the coastal surface water of this sub-arctic recipient is substantially larger than a global-average of 35% used in recent budget estimates of the fate of terrestrially-exported POC on the pan-arctic shelves. Considering ongoing and predicted changes in the Arctic Region due to global warming a more efficient degradation of river-exported terrestrial POC may have far-reaching consequences for the large-scale biogeochemical cycling of carbon in the pan-arctic region and beyond.     

利用强夯模拟试验研究饱和砂土强夯动本构关系

饱和土是孔隙中充满水的松散介质, 在强夯冲击荷载作用下的变形是非线性变形, 因此, 饱和土强夯动本构关系有其特殊性。本文利用具有 90年代先进水平高精度、高灵敏度的MTS810土动三轴仪对强夯加固饱和土地基进行了全面、系统的模拟试验, 试验按模型比设计, 试验条件与实际土体工况符合, 通过多组不同条件的组合试验, 获得了大量强夯数据, 在此基础上结合强夯现场试验对强夯过程中各种变量的变化过程及其相互关系进行了分析研究, 推导出强夯冲击荷载作下饱和土的动本构关系, 对强夯作用下土体动本构关系问题作出了有益的探索。     

黄土滑坡流滑机理的试验研究

饱和黄土的稳态强度（残余强度）是黄土边坡是否发生流滑的关键因素,为了评价饱和黄土的残余强度就需要很好的了解饱和黄土的不排水剪切性能。通过对饱和黄土的固结不排水三轴试验研究了饱和黄土的稳态强度理论。试验研究发现饱和黄土有两种典型的不排水剪切特性:稳态特性、准稳态特性。且大多数情况下饱和黄土总表现为稳态特性,只有疏松的黄土表现出准稳态特性;根据试验结果得出了黄土的稳态线与稳态强度线,可以用来分析黄土边坡的流滑机理。探讨了描述黄土稳态性质的参数内摩擦角和粘聚力的物理含义;比较了由地震引发的滑坡与灌溉诱发的滑坡流滑机理的差异,对于地震引起的黄土滑坡土体残余（稳态）强度起决定性作用,而对于灌溉引起的黄土滑坡土体的峰值强度才是关键因素。     

饱和土中深埋圆柱形衬砌洞室对瞬态平面波的散射

基于Biot饱和多孔介质动力学理论,运用Laplace变换和波函数展开法,根据饱和土体与衬砌结构交界面的连续条件和衬砌结构内边界上的应力自由条件,得到饱和土中深埋圆柱形衬砌洞室对瞬态平面P波和SV波散射问题的解答,该解答可以退化成为饱和土中深埋圆柱形空穴或弹性夹塞物的情形,并很容易转换成为对稳态波散射的解.通过与已有的相关问题的解析解答进行对比,验证了该解答的正确性.同时利用Laplace逆变换的数值方法,给出了饱和土和衬砌中应力和位移场在时域内的数值解,通过算例,分析了衬砌厚度、刚度对衬砌内边界处应力集中因子的影响.     

Implicit and explicit integration schemes in the anisotropic bounding surface plasticity model for cyclic behaviours of saturated clay

Two integration algorithms, namely the implicit return mapping and explicit sub-stepping schemes, are adopted in the anisotropic bounding surface plasticity model for cyclic behaviours of saturated clay and are implemented into finite element code. The model is a representative of a series of bounding surface models that have typical characteristics, including isotropic and kinematic hardening rules and a rotational bounding surface to capture complex but important cyclic behaviours of soils, such as cyclic shakedown and degradation. However, there is no explicit current yield surface in the model to which the conventional implicit algorithm returns the stress state back or the sub-stepping integration corrects the drift of the stress state. Hence, necessary modifications have been made for both of the integration schemes. First, the image stress point is mapped or corrected to the bounding surface instead of mapping back or correcting the stress state to the yield surface. Second, the unloading–loading criterion is checked to determine the image stress point rather than checking the yield criterion after giving the trial stress state in a conventional way. Comparative studies on the accuracy, stability and efficiency of the two integration schemes are conducted not only at the element level but also in solving boundary value problems of monotonic and cyclic bearing behaviours of rigid footings on saturated clay. For smaller strain increments, there is no significant difference in the accuracy between the two integration schemes, but the explicit integration shows a higher efficiency and accuracy. For relatively larger increments, the implicit return mapping algorithm presents good accuracy and more robustness, while the sub-stepping algorithm shows deteriorating accuracy and suffers the convergence problem. With the tolerance used in the present model, the bearing capacity of the rigid footing predicted by the return mapping algorithm is closer to the available analytical and numerical solutions, while the bearing capacity predicted by the sub-stepping algorithm shows a marginal increase.     

Series solutions for saturated–unsaturated flow in multi-layer unconfined aquifers

A semi-analytical mesh-free series solution method is presented for modeling regional steady-state subsurface saturated–unsaturated flow in 2-D geometrically complex homogenous and stratified hill-slope cross sections. Continuous solutions for pressure in the saturated and unsaturated zone are determined iteratively, as is the location of the water table surface. Mass balance is satisfied exactly over the entire domain except along boundaries and interfaces between layers, where errors are in an acceptable range. The solutions are derived and demonstrated on multiple test cases. The errors for specific cases are assessed and discussed.     

结构性饱和黄土动力特性试验研究

基于室内不排水动三轴试验,研究了5种因素,即围压、超固结比、偏压固结比、动剪应力比、加载频率等对饱和黄土动力特性的影响。本文强调了结构性在饱和黄土动力特性研究中的重要性,结构性的破坏是影响土体动力力学特性的一个重要转折点。并阐明了用塑性残余变形来表征土体内部结构的变化并以此作为孔压增长函数自变量的合理性。     

循环荷载下饱和岩石的滞后和衰减

通过对饱和砂岩和大理岩的循环荷载实验,分析了饱和岩石在循环荷载下的应力-应变滞后回线、瞬时杨氏模量、泊松比的“X”形变化曲线,以及杨氏模量随应变振幅的增加而减少等滞后现象,并分析了施加外力的应变振幅对衰减的影响,认为岩石在循环荷载作用下的衰减与应变振幅成正比,提出的衰减b值反映了岩石在循环荷载作用下衰减的程度. 岩石的衰减和滞后存在密切的关系,通过饱和岩石的宏观行为,探讨了饱和岩石在循环荷载下的滞后和衰减现象的微观机理,认为孔隙流体流动在岩石的滞后和衰减中起着重要作用,岩石内部的颗粒接触粘合和黏滑摩擦可能是孔隙岩石在循环荷载作用下产生滞后和衰减的原因.     

Vertical impulse measurements of mines buried in saturated sand

The ultimate aim of our overall task, of which the effort described in this paper is a part, is to be able to model the impulsive output of buried charges and the response of targets of interest. It is not practical or cost-effective to determine the response of all targets of interest to buried charges of all sizes by testing them. In order to have confidence in our models, however, they must be validated by a modest number of tests. A critical element in modelling the response of a target is the ability to model the loading function. The load a buried charge applies to a target above it when the charge detonates can be characterized in terms of the vertical impulse. The vertical impulse is a function of the size of the charge, its depth of burial, and the properties of the soil in which it is buried. The primary objective of the effort described in this paper is to determine the load a known charge places on a non-responding target so the data can be used to validate our models.

For model validation, a large number of detonator-scale experiments have been conducted by the University of Maryland (Fourney et al. [1]). It was also necessary to conduct a modest number of experiments at a larger scale, nine in total, to ensure that the results of the detonator-scale tests can be satisfactorily scaled up. Of the nine large-scale experiments conducted, seven were conducted with 5 or 10 lb cast TNT charges. All experiments were conducted in sand that was as nearly fully water-saturated as possible. The objective of the experiments was to determine the vertical impulse applied to a non-deforming target plate above the charge.

The large-scale experiments were conducted using the Vertical Impulse Measurement Fixture (VIMF) at the Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD. The VIMF is a unique facility that has been designed specifically to measure accurately the vertical impulse from buried charges weighing up to 8 kg.

This paper describes the VIMF and its instrumentation, test methods and test results. The results obtained demonstrate that in some cases, when the soil is saturated sand, explosive 'bubble' effects similar to those encountered in shallow water are encountered.     

Platform loading from explosions in saturated sand using avisco-plastic model

A set of experiments were conducted at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds 1 (Taylor, L.C., Skaggs, R.R. and Gault, W., 2005. Vertical impulse measurements of mines buried in saturated sand. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique, Orlando, FL, 6 - 9 February, 2.) in which explosive charges were buried in saturated sand beneath a suspended rigid platform. The goal of these experiments was to measure the dependence of the impulse transmitted to the platform on the standoff distance and the charge burial depth. Simulations of these experiments were performed using the BUB2D axi-symmetric code using a frictional-cohesive visco-plastic model to describe the response of the saturated sand. This code solves a constrained set of conservation laws in which the liquid region (in this case saturated sand) is assumed incompressible. The explosion is initialized as a high pressure gas bubble (void) within the fluid. Comparisons of the simulations to the experiments are presented together with a study of the physical phenomenology associated with the loading process. In particular, it is shown that the force imparted to the platform is a combination of the impact of the sand on top of the explosion gas bubble and the pressure of the bubble as it expands before venting into the atmosphere. Under certain conditions, when the platform standoff is sufficiently small and the platform is sufficiently large, the bubble can over-expand before venting and pull the platform downward. This phenomenon was studied further through carefully measured and photographed small-scale experiments performed at the University of Maryland 2 (Fourney, W., Leiste, U., Bonenberger, R. and Goodings, D., 2005, Predicting explosive impulse by means of small scale tests. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique, Orlando, FL, 6 - 9 February, 2.). The small-scale experiments provide additional important validation benchmarks for our model.