黄河三角洲地区砂土路基液化机理探讨及处置

从砂土路基液化机理人手,结合黄河三角洲地区地基土工程地质特征,对该地区路基砂土液化做现场振动试验,找出影响砂土路基液化的影响因素,主要内因有土体的密实度、含水量和土体中是否存在软弱区;主要外因有荷载的大小、作用时间和荷载频率。并针对砂土液化的内外因,结合青银高速公路强夯处理案例展开分析,提出了处理方法。     

Grain size dependency in the occurrence of sand waves

Sandy shallow seas, like the North Sea, are very dynamic. Several morphological features are present on the bed, from small ripples to sand waves and large tidal sandbanks. The larger patterns induce significant depth variations that have an impact on human activities taking place in this area. Therefore, it is important to know where these large-scale features occur, what their natural behaviour is and how they interact with human activities. Here, we extend earlier research that compares the results of an idealized model of large-scale seabed patterns with data of seabed patterns in the North Sea. The idealized model is extended with a grain size dependency. The adaptations lead to more accurate predictions of the occurrence of large-scale bed forms in the North Sea. Therefore, grain size dependency and, in particular, critical shear stress are important to explain the occurrence of sand waves and sandbanks in the North Sea. Responsible Editor: Alejandro Souza     

山东省大中型水库泥沙淤积量预测

本文通过对我省大，中型水库淤积测量前后水文特征量的分析，用两种计算方法对我省大，中型水库的淤积量进行了预测，两种预测结果相差较大，水库淤积量随着水文气象要素及流域下垫面状况的变化而变化，因此，定期进行水库泥沙淤积测量，探求水库泥沙淤积规律，很有必要。     

Bagnold's kink: A physical feature of a wind velocity profile modified by blown sand?

Bagnold (1941) made detailed measurements of the wind profile modified by blown sand. He noted that each velocity profile appeared to be kinked and suggested that the position of the kink corresponded to the height at which an average or a characteristic trajectory extracted the bulk of its momentum from the wind. However, Anderson and Haff (1988) have shown that in aeolian sand transport the grain cloud is made up from a distribution of trajectory paths and that it was an over-simplification to attempt to describe the complex behaviour of the grain cloud in terms of a single representative trajectory. These recent developments leave the nature and even the existence of the kink observed by Bagnold (1941) open to question. This paper shows that a kink is indeed a physical feature of the modified wind velocity profile and that it is caused, as Bagnold (1941) suggested, by a maximum, occurring at some height above the surface, in the momentum extracted by the grains from the wind. Further comments are made on both the form of the modified wind velocity profile and the fluid shear stress profile in the grain layer. In particular these comments, based upon a theoretical analysis, suggest an experimental means to measure the mean surface fluid shear stress and to gain, from accurately measured wind profiles, a greater insight into the grain cloud which caused the modification.     

Monitoring of internal failure evolution in soils using computerization X-ray tomography

Computerized X-ray tomography (CT) has been used in disciplines such as soil science, geology and rock mechanics to analyze the texture of geomaterials. However, this potentially useful method has not thus far been used adequately in engineering geological analyses.To investigate its feasibility, CT is utilized in this study to monitor the evolution of internal failure in soil masses. An apparatus that can be fitted into the chamber of a medical CT was built to conduct geotechnical tests. Loading and shearing experiments were performed on bentonite, kaolinite, sand, silicon powders, and glass beads. CT images have been taken on different cross-sections inside the specimens to monitor soil deformation continuously. The results of direct shear, horizontal and vertical loading tests are presented and discussed. It has been demonstrated that CT is a powerful non-destructive and non-invasive tool for engineering geological analyses.     

西藏雅鲁藏布江中游下段沙地植被研究

沙地植被主要有沙地高山松林、巨柏疏林、砂生槐群系和固沙草群系。砂生槐＋多花亚菊群落是本区沙地植被演替的顶极群落，高山松林疏林可能会成为本区人为演替顶极群落，风沙活动是影响本区植被演替的主导因子，半固定沙区仅生长砂生槐灌丛阶段是沙地植被正逆向演替的临界状态。砂生槐和高山松在沙地具有天然更新能力和生长快的特点。     

Effects of crude oil contamination on geotechnical properties of clayey and sandy soils

The southern coastal plain of Iran at the Persian Gulf encounters oil pollution due to the historical oil exploitation, related tanker navigations and accidents, and petrochemical industrial expansions in the recent years. Therefore, it is important to investigate the geochemical properties of oil-contaminated coastal soils and sediments for engineering and environmental purposes. Here, an extensive laboratory testing program was carried out to determine the effects of crude oil contamination on some of the geotechnical properties of clayey and sandy soils such as CL, SM and SP sampled from the coastal soils from this area. The testing included basic properties, Atterberg limits, compaction, direct shear, uniaxial compression and permeability tests on clean and contaminated soil samples at the same densities. The contaminated samples were prepared by mixing the soils with crude oil in the amount of 2%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% by dry weight. The results indicated a decrease in strength, permeability, maximum dry density, optimum water content and Atterberg limits. Knowledge of these effects of oil contamination is important in coastal engineering and environmental remediation activities of the studied coastal plain.     

An enhanced depth-averaged tidal model for morphological studies in the presence of rotary currents

A simple and efficient method to improve morphological predictions using depth-averaged tidal models is presented. The method includes the contribution of secondary flows in sediment transport using the computed flow field from a depth-averaged model. The method has been validated for a case study using the 3D POLCOMS model and ADCP data. The enhanced depth-averaged tidal model along with the SWAN wave model are applied to morphological prediction around the Lleyn Peninsula and Bardsey Island as a case study in the Irish Sea. Due to the presence of a headland in this area two asymmetrical tidal eddies are developed in which the cyclonic eddy is stronger as a result of Coriolis effects. The results show that the enhanced model can effectively predict formation of sand banks at the centre of cyclonic eddies, while the depth-averaged model, due to its inability to accommodate secondary flow, is inadequate in this respect.     

沙地影响玉米产量形成因子的量化研究(I)

采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计方法,对沙地玉米的水肥因子进行了量化试验研究。结果表明,试验条件下沙地农田当土壤相对含水量保持在67.2%,施用尿素52.5 g·m^-2和施用磷肥36.7g·m^-2时,可以获得1.32 kg·m^-2的最高产量。影响玉米产量形成的敏感因子首先是氮肥施用量,其次是土壤相对含水量,而磷肥施用量对玉米增产效果不明显。玉米的产量(Y)与土壤相对含水量因子(X₁)、氮肥施用量因子(X₂)和磷肥施用量因子(X₃)的关系为:Y=5.16+0.151x₁+0.284x₂-0.182x₃+0.199x₁x₂+0.403x₁x₃-0.215x₂x₃-0.193x₁²-0.415x₂²-0.002x₃²。     

2010年辽宁一次沙尘天气过程的气象因素及污染特征

利用常规气象观测资料以及环保监测数据,对2010年4月8日辽宁沙尘天气过程的高低空天气形势和主要气象要素进行探讨,并对沈阳地区的空气污染状况进行分析。结果表明：沙尘天气过程主要是受贝加尔湖地区东移冷空气和蒙古低压的共同影响,强大的蒙古气旋造成地面强变压导致地面风速加大,是形成沙尘天气的动力因子;沙尘天气来临前后,风速、能见度和湿度等发生急剧变化;在沙尘天气影响下,沈阳地区的PM10浓度迅速上升,而大风等有利的扩散条件,造成黑碳、气态污染物SO2和NO2浓度出现不同程度的下降。