回顾与展望:关于有害藻华种类休眠体通过船舶压舱水底泥地理扩散的研究

船舶压舱水可引起外来生物入侵,国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization,IMO)因此制定了具有约束力的压舱水公约,已于2019年1月对我国正式生效。大量研究证明船舶压舱泥是有害藻华种类特别是有害甲藻孢囊的携带者。另一方面,有害藻华在我国近三十年频发,尤其是新的种类不断出现。因此,这种态势是否与压舱泥带来的外来种入侵有关是一个具有重要科学和现实意义的问题。我们最近的工作表明,此前国内外通过形态学方法对压舱泥的检测都大大地低估了甲藻孢囊的种类多样性和样品间种类组成的异质性。因此,必须通过更深入全面的实证研究对外源有害藻华甲藻通过压舱泥入侵我国海域进行风险评估。本文从如下几个方面进行了综述与讨论:(1)船舶压舱水(泥)与有害藻华地理扩散;(2)国内外有关压舱泥中甲藻孢囊多样性的检测与溯源研究;(3)我们对美国港口船舶压舱泥的检测发现压舱泥中甲藻孢囊具有很高的种类多样性和样品间的异质性。最后从我们最近的工作及与文献报道的工作比较获得了几个重要的科学问题。在评述国内外研究成果和前期研究结果基础上,提出有必要通过更大量、广泛的国际船舶压舱泥和中国全海域沉...     

截齿滚动掘进冻土过程的影响因素数值模拟研究

为了解决竖井冻土开挖难度大、人工挖掘效率低的问题,研究发明了一种新型重力式竖井掘进机,该掘进机利用截齿连续滚动向下、行走式掘进冻土,在竖井冻土掘进中具有较好的适应性,而截齿侵入深度是影响掘进冻土效率的重要因素。先采用三维软件建模,通过霍普金森压杆冲击试验,结合HJC压缩损伤模型原始参数,优化得到冻土本构模型参数;再利用有限元分析软件耦合,模拟截齿在不同侵入深度下滚动掘进冻土,得到冻土在不同凹陷破坏深度下的截齿三向力、冻土应力和应变的变化规律,便于直观研究截齿掘进冻土过程,寻求最优截齿侵入深度。仿真结果表明：随着截齿侵入深度增加,截齿三向力变大,冻土凹陷面积扩大,冻土应力向下无边界扩展递减;冻土与截齿接触区域应力、应变最大,远离截齿作用时冻土区域的应力、应变逐渐递减,其变化规律与截齿连续滚动掘进冻土特征相关;当冻土单轴抗压强度为9 MPa时,截齿滚动掘进冻土过程存在最优截齿侵入深度,为4 cm,此时冻土破坏特征明显,截齿滚动掘进冻土效率最高且能耗低。     

大庆油田高密度油包水钻井液技术研究与应用

针对大庆油田朝503区块地层压力高、地层流体活跃、水平井施工难度大的特点,通过室内实验,将原有的低粘高切油包水钻井液体系配方进行了改进完善,使其在密度上限达到2.00 g／cm^3时,油水比可控范围90∶10～75∶25,仍然具有良好的流变性、电稳定性和沉降稳定性。经过在朝42－平125井的应用,满足现场的施工要求,保证了井下安全。     

斜井泥浆侵入仿真及其阵列侧向测井响应数值模拟

为了研究斜井泥浆侵入储层的井周岩石物理特征,采用广义曲线坐标系统模拟斜井泥浆侵入特性,进而研究泥浆侵入过程的阵列侧向测井响应.数值仿真表明,采用广义曲线坐标系消除了笛卡儿坐标系统在斜井边界处网格划分的锯齿现象;储层非均质造成泥浆侵入不均匀,储层渗透性越好,泥浆滤液侵入越深;泥浆滤液侵入使得井周地层饱和度、孔隙水矿化度的分布发生变化,进而造成斜井井周岩石电阻率分布剖面复杂变化;泥浆侵入过程中阵列侧向视电阻率变化以及深浅视电阻率的幅度差异,有效反映了斜井泥浆侵入特性;文中采用了基于Marquardt方法的阵列侧向测井四参数反演,有效恢复了斜井储层侵入剖面,得到了原状地层电阻率.斜井泥浆侵入特征及其阵列侧向测井响应模拟分析,有助于正确认识斜井井周岩石物理特征和利用阵列侧向测井进行斜井储层评价.     

2007年7月18-19日山东省大暴雨天气分析

应用常规观测资料、中尺度站资料、卫星云图、雷达回波和T213数值预报产品,对2007年7月18-19日山东省大范围对流性暴雨天气的成因进行了分析.分析了产生暴雨的天气系统特征,大气垂直稳定度和对流有效位能,产生暴雨的水汽条件和动力触发机制,给出了产生暴雨的对流云团演变特征.研究结果表明,对流性大暴雨是由东北冷性低涡、前倾槽、副热带高压边缘西南暖湿气流和冷空气的共同影响产生的.低层强盛的偏南气流建立起水汽通道,把水汽源源不断地向暴雨区输送.前倾槽结构和低层增温增湿使得大气强烈的对流不稳定和对称不稳定.低层较强的东北气流与强盛的西南暖湿气流侧向汇合,垂直涡度增大,辐合上升运动增强,对流不稳定能量释放,产生中尺度对流云团.地面冷锋前生成中尺度低压,加强了辐合上升运动.高层辐散与低层辐合相配合,有利于上升运动发展和维持.卫星云图中显示两个对流云团合并发展形成中尺度对流复合体(MCC).雷达回波中表现为两个东西向的带状强降水回波相衔接,缓慢南移;暴雨区上空东北气流、西北气流和西南气流相汇合;低层东北气流逐渐增大.冷空气从低层侵入.     

利用阵列感应测井进行储层渗透率评价

钻井过程中储层受到泥浆侵入影响的程度与储层岩性有着密切关系,其中储层渗透率对侵入深度有着较大影响,因此若可以获知泥浆侵入深度,则有望对储层渗透率进行评估.本文首先建立含泥饼增长的泥浆侵入数值模型,然后建立阵列感应测井数值模型,两者的联合正演模拟显示泥浆侵入对地层的影响可以反映在阵列感应测井响应上,利用阻尼最小二乘法对阵列感应测井响应进行反演可以得到侵入深度.对侵入深度和储层渗透率的关系进行分析发现：在渗透率为1~100 mD（1 mD=0.987×10-3μm2）数量级的储层中,渗透率的变化可以在侵入深度上得到反映.以储层和井数据进行二维数值模拟发现：利用阵列感应测井响应反演出来的侵入深度曲线反映了渗透率在地层上的变化趋势,采用解释图版的方法可以对储层各层段的渗透率进行粗略估算.     

Observations on the hydrology of bay of Islands,New Zealand

Observations were made on several hydrological features of Bay of Islands during 1970 to 1971. The topography of Bay of Islands allows for a gradual change from estuarine to oceanic conditions within the harbour.

Monthly means of sea surface temperatures ranged between 15°c and 23°c, and some sea stratification was observed during summer. Salinities in the main basin were about 35.5‰; water transparency ranged from 2 m to 6 m by Secchi disc in the estuaries, to more than 15m in outer basin areas. Dissolved oxygen content was high, usually exceeding 100% saturation in surface waters. Water circulation within the bay appears to consist of an anti‐clockwise movement of at least the surface water, induced by a north‐west moving current, possibly derived from the East Auckland Current.

The observations suggest that, except; for the estuarine areas, Bay of Islands is hydrologically a fairly homogeneous, well‐mixed body of water.     

Altered mayfly distribution due to strong interactions with alien rainbow trout in Andean streams of Patagonia

Nesameletidae is a Southern Hemisphere ephemeropteran family with large-bodied nymphs that are swimming grazers, traits that make aquatic invertebrates vulnerable to visual predators. Metamonius anceps is the sole representative of this family in South America and its present known distribution along the Southern Andes is mostly restricted to headwater streams, usually with clear and well-oxygenated waters.We analyzed their spatial distribution in relation to the presence of the exotic predator rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which is the only fish species in many small Andean Patagonia streams. We measured mayfly abundance in the benthos and drift in reaches with and without fish (the latter being reaches upstream of waterfalls that prevent trout access) in three catchments of Nahuel Huapi Lake basin at the Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. We compared nymphal abundance and body size at the habitat scale and at the reach scale, and nymphal presence and body size in trout diet.A multivariate analysis of physical stream features showed that habitat/reaches with and without fish had similar abiotic characteristics. In no fish sites, nymph density ranged between 44 and 180 m⁻² while in fish sites they were 0–3 m⁻². In one stream nymphs drifted mainly during the day and ∼400 indiv. day⁻¹ were estimated to enter the site with fish. However no nymphs were collected drifting 200 m below the waterfall (the reach with fish). Observations on the diet of rainbow trout also supported the ongoing strong interaction between this mayfly and the trout. M. anceps is a highly vulnerable prey as no permanent populations were found in study reaches with the exotic predator established. Our study emphasizes the potential of natural physical barriers to stop invasive fish having access to headwaters allowing them to harbour natural populations of the most trout-susceptible species supporting pristine ecosystem conditions.     

AMERICAN NATIONALISM,THE FLAG,AND THE INVASION OF IRAQ*

U.S. armed forces invaded Iraq in March 2003, claiming that the country had weapons of mass destruction (wmd ) which it intended to use against the United States Although evidence of the existence of these wmd was limited, President George W. Bush's administration faced little opposition in taking the United States to war. Using the concepts of “iconography” and “banal nationalism,” I argue that the events of 9/11 and the subsequent outpouring of nationalism dampened opposition to the invasion of Iraq. The increased display of the American flag in the aftermath of 9/11 was emblematic of this increase in nationalism and generated additional support for the Bush administration's decision to go to war. This nationalism further created a form of “collective amnesia” that limited the citizenry's receptivity to information contradicting the administration's narrative, which continues to linger.     

Invasion and spreading of Cabomba caroliniana revealed by RAPD markers

Applying randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD）, the genetic variation of Cabomba caroliniana Gray （cabomba or fanwort）, a new alien plant in China, was analyzed in this paper. Total 143 bands, including 47 polymorphic bands, were amplified from 23 primers in 20 samples. The sampling distance was large, but its genetic diversity was low. The main results were that： （1） Cabomba, which grew and dispersed mainly in fragment, was an abundant and dominant species in freshwater, and its main dispersal mechanism was vegetative reproduction. （2） Cabomba was originally introduced into China as an aquarium submerged plant. Somehow, those discarded cabomba became invasive species in the areas of Hangzhou, Shanghai, and Meicheng, and other places. （3） Although the level of genetic diversity in cabomba was low, their rapid dispersion and propagation could seriously harm to local aquatic community. Therefore, specific measure should be used to control cabomba from uncontrolled spreading and damage to local vegetation communities.