污水土壤处理试验研究

污水土壤处理试验,主要是利用透水性较强的土壤层的生物化学作用,其次是淋滤吸附。通过离子交换等作用去除污染质,这一研究在我国属于新的领域,本文通过对污水土壤处理的工作原理,运行效果及环境保护作用等进行了综合论述。     

Effects of intermittent stream flow on macroinvertebrate community composition and biological traits in a naturally saline Mediterranean stream

As saline streams are geographically widespread in arid and semiarid regions, flow intermittence frequently occurs as another stressor factor apart from salinity. Rambla Salada is a temporary naturally saline stream with an intermittent reach upstream. This stream is an ideal scenario to study the effects of intermittent stream flow on macroinvertebrate community composition and biological traits in a naturally saline Mediterranean stream. This study analysed three sites with different hydrological regimes (one intermittent and two perennials). Flow intermittence exerted low pressure on the macroinvertebrate composition and biological traits which led to the loss of drought-intolerant species and taxa rather than acting as a selective force to promote desiccation-resistant taxa. Macroinvertebrate community at the intermittent site was a subset of the community found in perennial sites, and the presence of flier taxa at this site helped avoid flow cessation. These minor changes have consequences to assess the ecological quality of these saline temporary streams in the context of the Water Framework Directive, given the major differences revealed by some indices between the intermittent and perennial sites as the former obtained lower values due to the presence of few desiccation-intolerant species, which significantly increased the value of those biological indices.     

香港水环境管理重点分析

With a high population density, immense commercial and industrial activities, Hong Kong produces over two million tonnes of municipal wastewater each day. Until recently, about 50% of the municipal wastewater enters water courses, rivers, and coastal waters without treatment. Untreated organics, heavy metals and refractory synthetic materials accumulate in certain areas, and have led to breakdown of aquatic and marine ecological systems, closure of beaches, red tides and bioaccumulation in seafood. In 1974, a team of consultants was commissioned to study the water pollution problems encountered in Hong Kong. After two decades in the effort to improve the water environment, a flexible framework for environmental planning and management over the following ten years has been designed. This programme comprises (1) establishment of water control zones and pollution control legislation, (2) upgrading of services and facilities for management of municipal sewage and chemical wastes, and (3) construction of the "Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme". In line with this programme, a priority has been set on implementing a "polluter pays policy" which requires the industries to share the costs of sewage treatment and encourages them to install on-site wastewater pretreatment facilities to reduce wastewater generation and to ensure sustainable development.     

小型生活污水处理设施概述

通过对小型生活污水处理设施发展历史的回顾，对其主要特点、应用领域、工艺原理、工艺流程及现存问题等作了较全面地阐述，对小型生活污水处理设施在水污染治理方面的应用具有较强的指导作用。     

大生活用海水技术

概述了大生活用海水的研究主研究现状,介绍了香港地区利用海水冲厕的情况。     

湛江湾内湾环境容量计算与排污治理

本文基于TELEMAC-MASCARET数值模型系统, 将主要污染物作为示踪剂加入到二维水动力模型中, 采用模型试算法计算了湛江湾内湾环境容量, 并在环境容量计算和陆源污染调查的基础上, 提出了排污治理的措施。计算结果显示, 2019年湛江湾内湾排污口污染物COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)、DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen)、DIP(Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus)和石油类的环境容量分别为11721t·a^-1、1388t·a^-1、141t·a^-1和326t·a^-1, 排污口点源污染物COD、DIN、DIP和石油类的剩余环境容量总量分别为10426t·a^-1、213t·a^-1、70t·a^-1和314t·a^-1。根据这一结果, 本文认为应削减南调街麻屈垉、龙头镇消坡垉出入水口、坡头区科技产业园官渡园区和湛江市城市污水处理有限公司坡头水质净化厂排污口超标水质因子的排放量, 同时提出了相应的排污治理对策: 污水处理、管网建设、新建污水处理厂、排污口调配。     

Sources and transformations of N in reclaimed coastal tidelands: evidence from soil δ<Superscript>15</Superscript>N data

Electrical conductivity of saturated soil extracts (EC_e) in three reclaimed tideland (RTL) soils on the west coast of Korea decreased with time since reclamation, indicating natural desalinization through leaching of salts by precipitation water. Soil N concentration increased with decreasing EC_e. With the increase in soil N concentration, the δ¹⁵N decreased, likely caused by the input of ¹⁵N-depleted N sources. As N₂-fixing plant species were found in the oldest RTL, atmospheric N₂ fixation likely contributed to the increase in soil N concentration in the oldest RTL. Negative δ¹⁵N (−7.1 to −2.0‰) of total inorganic N (NH₄ ⁺+NO₃ ⁻) and published data on N deposition near the study area indicate that atmospheric N deposition might be another source of N in the RTLs. Meanwhile, the consistently negative δ¹⁵N of soil NO₃ ⁻ excluded N input from chemical fertilizer through groundwater flow as a potential N source, since NO₃ ⁻ in groundwater generally have a positive δ¹⁵N. The patterns of δ¹⁵N of NH₄ ⁺ (+2.3 to +5.1‰) and NO₃ ⁻ (−9.2 to −5.0‰) suggested that nitrification was an active process that caused ¹⁵N enrichment in NH₄ ⁺ but denitrification was probably minimal which would otherwise have caused ¹⁵N enrichment in NO₃ ⁻. A quantitative approach on N budget would provide a better understanding of soil N dynamics in the studied RTLs.     

青岛市城市污水处理厂污泥成分分析及利用方式初步研究

为确定青岛市城市污水处理厂污泥资源化利用途径，对三座典型污水处理厂的脱水污泥进行采样和成分分析。结果表明：所有污泥偏碱性（pH=8．68-8．81），含水率较高（70％-83％）；污泥中有机质、氮、磷、钾含量丰富；污泥中重金属和B的含量较低，均符合国家〈农用污泥中污染物控制标准）。这种污泥进行卫生填埋时，不仅浪费资源，还存在一定的安全隐患，施工难度大，渗滤液无法有效处理等问题。污泥焚烧则会产生含有致癌物的烟气，且处理成本昂贵。最为适宜的污泥利用方式是堆肥后作为林地、花卉的肥料。对于处理生活污水产生的污泥，则应首先提取细胞蛋白作为动物饲料添加剂，其余部分再作为肥料。     

The effects of eight years aeration and isolation from polluting discharges on sewage‐ and metal‐contaminated sediments

The Manchester Ship Canal (MSC) has been the recipient of domestic and trade effluent since 1895, it continues to be grossly polluted. In 1985 the dock basins, now known as Salford Quays were isolated from the canal inorder to improve water quality and encourage redevelopment. Subsequent to isolation the dock basins received no effluent or drainage and Helixor pumps were installed to improve circulation, thereby preventing stratification and bottom water anoxia. Analysis of solid material, pore waters and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) in cores taken from Salford Quays and the MSC was carried out to assess changes in sediment characteristics that might affect water quality. Loss of carbon was apparent in the upper sediment of Salford Quays, as was a greater proportion of reducible Fe, Mn, Zn and Cd compared with the MSC. In Salford Quays a superficial peak in Fe and Zn concentration appeared to be attributable to migration of metals in the pore water and precipitation of Fe oxyhydroxide at the oxic sediment water interface. Despite these differences, NHSOconcentration pore water profiles were similar in both sediments if the MSC sediments were considered from a point below their top layers, which appeared to be composed of freshly deposited sewage. Bacterial biomass extrapolated from PLFA concentration also suggested that the upper sediment of the MSC was largely faecal. PLFA analyses to characterize changes in the microbial community, however, did not reveal any systematic changes. That this may have been because of an absence of vertical zonation was supported by pore water analyses. It was also apparent that the lack of systematic change might be due at least in part to an artefact of vestigial PLFA signatures, resulting from deposition and burial, and the need for finer vertical resolution in the sampling procedure. Despite incomplete and some contradictory findings it appears that although metal mobilization may result from the development of an oxic sediment water interface, the extremely high original organic content of the sediment ensures that even after 10 years it exerts a high oxygen demand. Consequently, sediment management is likely to be a long‐term commitment and as remediation proceeds the importance of continuity in management will increase. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.