基于插件技术的双船实时状态观测系统设计与实现

在双船地震勘探中,双船间距控制及电缆形态实时显示是十分重要的。文中详细介绍了双船实时状态观测系统的方法基础和实现过程。在研究了大椭圆航法的大地主题反解模型的基础上,建立了双船距离控制预警模型。系统采用插件技术进行框架设计,基于.NET Framework、Arc GIS Engine SDK平台,并通过插件接口定制、插件动态加载及插件消息传递等机制实现了工程管理、设备管理、测线管理、双船监控、设置、常用工具、模式、视图8个功能模块。视图部分可设置正常视图、偏移视图、电缆视图、距离监控视图、主副船监控视图、主副船文本视图6个显示视图。海试表明系统能够对双船间距进行有效控制和对电缆形态进行实时显示,并能够长时间稳定运行,极大提高了地震勘探数据采集的质量和精度。     

利用高频GPS反演强震面波震级的最优适用范围探讨

通过解算2010-04-04El Mayor-Cucapah Mw7.2地震的高频(1Hz)GPS数据,获取测站的动态位移,并根据Gutenberg经验震级公式反演面波震级,探索高频GPS反演震级的最优适用范围。结果表明,当高频GPS测站震中距分布于50~350km时,利用其水平位移峰值反演得到的面波震级为7.21,与美国USGS公布的震级Mw7.2一致;但当震中距350km时,高频GPS相对于强震仪位移峰值存在"上漂现象",反演得到的震级为7.6~8.0。建议利用高频GPS建立经验模型反演强震面波震级时,应考虑其适用范围。     

Genetic seascape of the threatened Caribbean elkhorn coral,Acropora palmata,on the Puerto Rico Shelf

It has been proposed that the elkhorn coral Acropora palmata is genetically separated into two distinct provinces in the Caribbean, an eastern and a western population admixing in Western Puerto Rico and around the Mona Passage. In this study, the genetic structure of A. palmata sampled at 11 Puerto Rican localities and localities from Curaçao, the Bahamas and Guadeloupe were examined. Analyses using five microsatellite markers showed that 75% of sampled colonies had unique genotypes, the rest being clone mates. Genetic diversity among genets was high (H_E = 0.761) and consistent across localities (0.685–0.844). F_ST ranged from ?0.011 to 0.047, supporting low but significant genetic differentiation between localities within the previously reported eastern and western genetic provinces. Plots of genetic per geographic distances and significant Mantel tests supported isolation‐by‐distance (IBD) within Puerto Rico. Analysis with the software STRUCTURE favored a scenario with weak differentiation between two populations, assigning Eastern Puerto Rican locations (Fajardo and Culebra), Guadeloupe and Curaçao to the Caribbean eastern population and Western Puerto Rican locations (west of Vega Baja and Ponce), Mona and the Bahamas to the Caribbean western population. Vieques and San Juan area harbored admixed profiles. Standardized F_ST per 1000 km unit further supported higher differentiation between localities belonging to different STRUCTURE populations, with IBD being stronger within Puerto Rico than on larger regional scales. This stronger genetic transition seems to separate localities between putative eastern and western provinces in the Eastern Puerto Rican region, but not around the Mona Passage.     

山东省线状中尺度对流系统与多单体风暴的合并特征

利用济南多普勒天气雷达产品和华北区域雷达拼图等资料,普查了2012—2016年影响山东的线状中尺度对流系统(linear mesoscale convective system,LMCS),分析了LMCS与多单体风暴的合并方式以及合并后的演变趋势等特征,得到如下几条结论：1)LMCS(A)与多单体风暴(B)有A追B,A扩展,A、B相向和B追A四种合并方式;2)LMCS与多单体风暴合并的临界距离为30 km;3)LMCS与多单体风暴合并后,强度增强或维持,尺度增大,生命史延长,长轴将可能转向;4)LMCS与多单体风暴合并时,其本身合并部分将减弱,多单体风暴合并进入LMCS,成为LMCS的一部分;5)合并是雷暴的传播运动造成的;6)63.3%的合并案例会产生雷暴大风、冰雹或强降水灾害,雷暴大风灾害出现的概率最大。     

Field studies on factors affecting very fine and ultra fine particulate organic matter deposition in low‐gradient sand‐bed streams

The knowledge on particle deposition in streams is mainly based on investigations in mountain streams. No data exist from low‐gradient sand‐bed streams that largely differ in the morphological and hydraulic factors proposed to affect deposition. To identify physical control on particle deposition in low‐gradient streams, we assessed deposition of very fine and ultra fine organic particulate matter in 18 sand‐bed stream reaches. We added particles derived from lake sediment and assessed the mean transport distance S_P and the deposition velocity v_dep. Additionally, reach hydraulics were estimated by injections of a conservative solute tracer (NaCl). Among the low‐gradient streams, particle deposition kinetics were variable but similar to deposition in mountain streams. S_P was solely related to the flow velocity. This relation was confirmed when comprising published data on deposition of fine organic particles. An association between particle deposition and transient storage factors was insignificant. We found significance of the transient storage to S_P only for repeated measures within a single reach, when flow velocity and benthic conditions were nearly constant. Measured v_dep/v_fall ratios were much larger than unity in most reaches. Evidence from this relation suggests that the vertical transport of very fine and ultra fine organic particulate matter through the water column was caused mainly by vertical mixing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Uncertainties in real‐time flood forecasting with neural networks

Although artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been applied in rainfall runoff modelling for many years, there are still many important issues unsolved that have prevented this powerful non‐linear tool from wide applications in operational flood forecasting activities. This paper describes three ANN configurations and it is found that a dedicated ANN for each lead‐time step has the best performance and a multiple output form has the worst result. The most popular form with multiple inputs and single output has the average performance. In comparison with a linear transfer function (TF) model, it is found that ANN models are uncompetitive against the TF model in short‐range predictions and should not be used in operational flood forecasting owing to their complicated calibration process. For longer range predictions, ANN models have an improved chance to perform better than the TF model; however, this is highly dependent on the training data arrangement and there are undesirable uncertainties involved, as demonstrated by bootstrap analysis in the study. To tackle the uncertainty issue, two novel approaches are proposed: distance analysis and response analysis. Instead of discarding the training data after the model's calibration, the data should be retained as an integral part of the model during its prediction stage and the uncertainty for each prediction could be judged in real time by measuring the distances against the training data. The response analysis is based on an extension of the traditional unit hydrograph concept and has a very useful potential to reveal the hydrological characteristics of ANN models, hence improving user confidence in using them in real time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

按运动学方法确定疏散星团M11的距离

在合理假设星团成员星的内部随机运动为各向同性的基础上,提出一种利用纯运动学资料确定星团距离的方法,并依此方法估算出疏散星团M11的速度距离为(1．89±0．52)kpc。这一结果与其他作者给出的星团M11的光度距离符合得相当好。