Numerical Modeling of the Ston-Slano (Croatia) Aftershock Sequence

The rate of aftershock occurrence after the M6 Ston-Slano (Croatia) earthquake is modeled as the Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS). Increase of the modeled cumulative number of aftershocks with time was fitted to observations by the least-squares criterion using the combined grid-search and Monte-Carlo approach. This enabled not only the estimation of the most probable ETAS parameters, but also the determination of their confidence limits, as well as the estimation of the bias between them. It has been found that the bias is significant for some of the parameter pairs, regardless of the threshold magnitude assumed. Residual analyses revealed that all strong aftershocks (M _L 4.5) occurred during the periods of normal to high aftershock activity. There were two periods of quiescence in the sequence, both of which were followed by a strong aftershock.     

Modeling forced pool–riffle hydraulics in a boulder-bed stream, southern California

The mechanisms which control the formation and maintenance of pool–riffles are fundamental aspects of channel form and process. Most of the previous investigations on pool–riffle sequences have focused on alluvial rivers, and relatively few exist on the maintenance of these bedforms in boulder-bed channels. Here, we use a high-resolution two-dimensional flow model to investigate the interactions among large roughness elements, channel hydraulics, and the maintenance of a forced pool–riffle sequence in a boulder-bed stream. Model output indicates that at low discharge, a peak zone of shear stress and velocity occurs over the riffle. At or near bankfull discharge, the peak in velocity and shear stress is found at the pool head because of strong flow convergence created by large roughness elements. The strength of flow convergence is enhanced during model simulations of bankfull flow, resulting in a narrow, high velocity core that is translated through the pool head and pool center. The jet is strengthened by a backwater effect upstream of the constriction and the development of an eddy zone on the lee side of the boulder. The extent of flow convergence and divergence is quantified by identifying the effective width, defined here as the width which conveys 90% of the highest modeled velocities. At low flow, the ratio of effective width between the pool and riffle is roughly 1:1, indicating little flow convergence or divergence. At bankfull discharge, the ratio of effective width is approximately 1:3 between the pool and downstream riffle, illustrating the strong flow convergence at the pool head. The effective width tends to equalize again with a ratio of 1:1 between the pool and riffle during a modeled discharge of a five-year flood, as the large roughness elements above the pool become drowned out. Results suggest that forced pool–riffle sequences in boulder-bed streams are maintained by flows at or near bankfull discharge because of stage-dependent variability in depth-averaged velocity and tractive force.     

陆源碎屑与碳酸盐混合沉积研究中的几点思考

在前人研究的基础上，结合一些具体研究实例，对混合沉积的定义进行了修正和补充；对混积岩和混积层系重新进行分类和命名；根据混合沉积的定义、成因、成分、结构、沉积构造及接触关系等因素，按照“沉积事件+剖面结构”的原则，提出了渐变式、突变式和复合式3种成因类型，对前人的研究成果进行了概括和归纳；对混合沉积的控制因素进行了深入讨论；在以碳酸盐沉积为主和以陆源碎屑沉积为主的2类沉积背景下详细论述了层序格架中混合沉积的发育情况；结合混合沉积本身的特点讨论了混合沉积与油气的关系。最后针对混合沉积研究现状，指出了该领域研究中存在的问题，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

饶阳凹陷古近系层序发育的控制因素分析

在分析饶阳凹陷古近系层序类型和发育模式的基础上，根据层序的结构特点，对每种层序发育的控制因素进行了分析。认为在沉积物供应速率变化不大的情况下，盆地基底的的沉降速率和沉降高峰期的时间决定着裂谷期层序的结构、各体系域开始发育和结束的时期。沉积物供应速率和可容空间变化的速率的比值决定着准层序组的类型，局部高速率的沉积物供应回在湖侵期发育进积式准层序组。气候的变化也是层序发育的控制因素，在干旱期，湖平面变化和层序的结构主要受气候控制。     

大港滩海区埕北断阶带古近系层序界面的识别方法

通过对大港滩海区埕北断阶带层序地层的研究，将研究区古近系划分为3个三级层序，总结了5种识别层序界面的方法：①地震识别法；②钻井识别法；③测井识别法；④古生物组合识别法；⑤地球化学识别法。在研究区，方法①表现为区域性的上超和削截；方法②表现为岩性和泥岩颜色的突变；方法③表现为各种曲线和地层倾角的突变；方法④表现为古生物组合类型的变化；方法⑤表现为Fe^2＋／Mn^2＋值由下向上由逐渐增大，转为突然变小。其中方法①、③、④是层序界面的主要识别标志，方法②可作为参考标志，而方法⑤的应用效果较差。     

地球质心运动的频谱分析方法

针对地球质心运动主要是由多种周期运动叠加的特点，依次讨论了谱分析方法中的AR模型谱分析和小波谱分析方法，分别指出：将参数谱分析方法中的AR模型谱分析和非参数谱分析中的小波谱分析相结合产生的小波－AR谱分析以及小波包－AR谱分析方法，在地球质心运动的谱分析中有较好的频率分辨率以及噪声抑制能力。     

露头层序地层学研究方法综述

从露头层序地层学的研究现状和大量的实际工作入手，论述了露头层序地层学研究的基本内容，所使用的研究手段、方法和流程；描述与分析了露头层序地层学研究中的地层单元界面，如层面、准层序和准层序组界面、Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型层序界面的地表特征及其识别标志；针对野外层序地层学研究中的图件编制问题，提出“点、线、面、体、时”系列图件的编绘流程与方法。     

三级层序界面野外露头的识别判断标志——以南盘江坳陷晚古生界地层为例

在岩性及岩相观察基础上以不同类型的米级旋回层序作为分层和描述地层的基本工作单元，把米级旋回层及其有序叠加形式作为识别三级层序的基础，通过野外露头的详细观察、描述认为：在南盘江坳陷晚古生界地层中SB1型层序界面是以区域平行不整合面、古风化壳、古土壤层、下伏地层的强烈白云石化以及沉积物转化面为识别标志；SB2型序界面是以沉积物转化面、地层结构转化面及古土壤层为识别标志：SB3型层序界面是以凝缩段直接覆盖在下伏地层之上为识别标志；SB型层序界面是以上下地层的岩性组合、地层结构转化面及年代地层为识别标志。     

高分辨率层序地层学在油田上的应用

高分辨率层序地层学以全新的思路系统地提出了诸多层序地层学的新概念。新方法，新模式。运用该理论体系能增加层序地层分析的分辨率。从而可更有效地提高储层描述和储层模拟的合理性，将地质解释，测井解释和地震解释技术有机地结合在一起，凭借比以前更高精度的高分辨率层序地层学，是对油田进行系统储层评价和预测的一种有效途径。也是未来储层研究发展的一种趋势。本文就该理论在油田应用方面提出一些看法。阐述了高分辨率层序地层学在油田上的实际应用及目前存在的一些问题。     

辽北早白垩世泉头组沉积体系

通过辽北早白垩世泉头组地层研究,提出泉头组沉积层序划分方案:划分为2个层序,11个旋回层序,20个基本层序;总结了层序划分的4种类型及其识别标志;识别出3种沉积体系———湖相三角洲分流河道沉积体系、浅湖相沉积体系、湖相三角洲前缘沉积体系。