Adding the missing third and fourth dimensions to trajectory analysis in carbonate systems

We developed a seismic geomorphology-based procedure to enhance traditional trajectory analysis with the ability to visualize and quantify lateral variability along carbonate prograding-margin types (ramps and rimmed shelves) in 3D and 4D. This quantitative approach analysed the shelf break geometric evolution of the Oligo-Miocene carbonate clinoform system in the Browse Basin and delineated the feedback between antecedent topography and carbonate system response as controlling factor on shelf break rugosity. Our geometrical analysis identified a systematic shift in the large-scale average shelf break strike direction over a transect of 10 km from 62° to 55° in the Oligo-Miocene interval of the Browse Basin, which is likely controlled by far-field allogenic forcing from the Timor Trough collision zone. Plotting of 3D shelf break trajectories represents a convenient way to visualize the lateral variability in shelf break evolution. Shelf break trajectories that indicate contemporaneous along-strike progradation and retrogradation correlate with phases of autogenic slope system re-organization and may be a proxy for morphological stability of the shelf break. Shelf break rugosity and shelf break trajectory rugosity are not inherited parameters and antecedent topography does not dictate long-term differential movement of the shelf margin through successive depositional sequences. The autogenic carbonate system response to antecedent topography smooths high-rugosity areas by filling accommodation and maintains a relatively constant shelf break rugosity of ~150 m. Color-coding of the vertical component in the shelf break trajectory captures the creation and filling of accommodation, and highlights areas of the transect that are likely to yield inconsistent 2D sequence stratigraphic interpretations.     

Ephemeral rollover points and clinothem evolution in the modern Po Delta based on repeated bathymetric surveys

Reconstructions of ancient delta systems rely typically on a two-dimensional (2D) view of prograding clinothems but may miss their three-dimensional (3D) stratigraphic complexity which can, instead, be best documented on modern delta systems by integrating high-resolution geophysical data, historical cartography, core data and geomorphological reconstructions offshore. We quantitatively compare three precisely positioned, high-resolution multi-beam bathymetry maps in the delta front and pro delta sectors (0.3 to 10 m water depth) of Po di Pila, the most active of the modern Po Delta five branches. By investigating the detailed morphology of the prograding modern Po Delta, we shed new light on the mechanisms that control the topset to foreset transition in clinothems and show the temporal and spatial complexity of a delta and its pro delta slope, under the impact of oceanographic processes. This study documents the ephemeral nature of the rollover point at the transition between sandy topset (fluvial, delta plain to mouth-bar) and muddy seaward-dipping foreset deposits advancing, in this case, in >20 m of water depth. Three multibeam surveys, acquired between 2013 and 2016, document the complexity in space and time of the topset and foreset regions and their related morphology, a diagnostic feature that could not be appreciated using solely 2D, even very high-resolution, seismic profiles. In addition, the comparison of bathymetric surveys gathered with one-year lapses shows the migration of subaqueous sand dunes on the clinothem topset, the formation of ephemeral cut-and-fill features at the rollover point (few m below mean sea level), the presence of collapse depressions derived by sagging of sediments and fluid expulsion (possibly induced by storm waves) on the foreset, and splays of sand likely reflecting gravity flows on the lower foreset. Though the modern Po Delta is anthropogenic in many respects, its subaqueous clinothem can be studied as a scale model for ancient clinothems that are less resolved geometrically and far less constrained chronologically.     

Quantifying sand delivery to deep water during changing sea-level: Numerical models from the Quaternary Brazos Icehouse continental margin

Sequence stratigraphy for clastic continental margins predicts the development of sand-rich turbidite deposits during specific times in relation to base-level cycles. It is now widely understood that deltas can extend to the shelf-edge forced by high sediment flux and/or base level, providing a direct connection to transfer sediment and sand to the slope and basin floor even during high base level periods. Herein, we build a stratigraphic forward model for the last 120 kyr of the fluvio-deltaic to deep-water Brazos system (USA) where sediment partitioning along an Icehouse continental margin can be evaluated. The reduced-complexity stratigraphic forward model employs geologically constrained input parameters and mass balance. The modelled architecture is consistent with the location of depositional units previously mapped in the shelf. Sand bypasses the shelf and upper slope between 35 to 15 kyr before present and only about 20%–30% of all the sediment and sand supplied to the system is transferred to deep water. Several scenarios based on the initial Brazos model investigate the relationships between base level and deep-water sand ratio (DWSR). DWSR is defined as the relative amount of sand transferred to the deep-water portions of the system subdivided by the total sand input to the model. Linear correlations between DWSR and base level change rates or base level are very poor. Short-term variability due to local processes (for example avulsions) is superimposed to the long-term trends and mask the base level signal. DWSR for an entire base-level cycle is mainly controlled by the proportion of time the delta stays docked at the shelf-edge. Stratigraphic forward models are useful to complement field observations and quantify how different processes control stratigraphy, which is important for making predictions in areas with limited information.     

Conjugate ruptures and seismotectonic implications of the 2019 Mindanao earthquake sequence inferred from Sentinel-1 InSAR data

In 2019, four strong earthquakes of Mw>6.4 occurred successively in Mindanao, Philippines. Based on the reports from the USGS and PHIVOLCS, these earthquakes were dominated by strike-slip ruptures. Whether these earthquakes are temporally and spatially related remained unknown. We characterized the coseismic displacement fields during the earthquake sequence using an InSAR technique with Sentinel-1 SAR data. The InSAR deformation measurements convincingly reveal that the four earthquakes produced distinct coseismic displacement patterns. We estimated the source parameters of the earthquakes with a two-step inversion strategy. The optimal model suggests that the earthquake sequence resulted from the reactivation of a conjugate fault structure that involves two nearly vertical left-lateral strike-slip faults and two high-angle right-lateral strike-slip faults. We calculated Coulomb stress changes from the earthquake sequence, suggesting that the previous strong earthquakes had significant stress-encouraging effects on the following events. The regional velocities based on the GPS analysis suggest that the formation of this conjugate structure is mainly due to the westward movement of the subducting Philippine Sea Plate. This earthquake sequence provides a seismotectonic background for subsequent strong earthquakes and helps to better understand the formation mechanisms and seismotectonic implications of conjugate structure rupturing.     

日本(虫寻)和底栖短桨蟹线粒体DNA 12SrRNA基因序列的初步研究

以相应引物对日本和底栖短桨蟹的线粒体 DNA1 2 S r RNA基因片段进行了 PCR扩增和序列测定 ,分析比较了 2种间序列差异。结果表明 :日本 1 2 S r RNA基因片段长度为 41 4 bp,底栖短桨蟹为 41 5bp,2种的 A,T,G,C含量分别为 1 51 bp(36.47% ) ,1 53bp(36.96% ) ,43bp(1 0 .39% ) ,67bp(1 6.1 8% )和 1 50 bp(36.1 4 % ) ,1 55bp(37.35% ) ,44bp(1 0 .60 % ) ,66bp(1 5.90 % )。 2种间共出现了 3个碱基的缺失 /插入和 38bp的序列差异 ,其碱基转换与碱基颠换比约为 2 .1 7。     

Phaeocystis globosa与Phaeocystis antarctica叶绿体psbA基因的比较

测定了2株球形棕囊藻Phaeocystis globosa P1、P2的psbA基因序列。发现得到的2个序列完全相同。以P2序列对比分析了P．globosa和P．antarctica的psbA基因在DNA序列、氮基酸序列和RNA二级结构上的差异性，发现2种棕囊藻psbA基因DNA序列和氨基酸序列非常保守，无插入／缺失，其核苷酸和氨基酸变异率分别为1．88％和1．13％。与核基因核苷酸的碱基替换不同，psbA基因核苷酸的碱基替换主要发生在密码子的第1位上。且不引起氨基酸的变化，引起氨基酸变化的碱基替换都发生在密码子的第2位和第3位上。在RNA二级结构上两序列的1～4茎环结构完全相同，表现出明显的棕囊藻属的特异性，其它结构区域差异较大。种间差异表现明显。由于psbA基因DNA序列和氨基酸序列非常保守，可能不适宜棕囊藻属的系统发育分析。但其RNA二级结构可能对于棕囊藻的分子分类有一定的参考价值。     

基于Cyt b基因序列的南海北部蓝圆鲹群体遗传多样性研究

为了解南海北部蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)的群体遗传变异特征,本研究利用线粒体DNA Cyt b基因部分序列对9个群体共203个个体进行群体遗传多样性和遗传结构分析.结果显示:在722 bp长的Cyt b部分序列中,共检测出52个多态位点,定义25个单倍型;群体的单倍型多样性(h)为0.577±0.036,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.001 55±0.001 12,整体遗传多样性呈中等偏低水平,其中雷州半岛和海南岛以东5个群体的遗传多样性水平明显高于以西的4个北部湾群体.单倍型系统发育树和网络图均未表现出与地理位置相对应的谱系结构,单倍型网络图呈以主体单倍型为中心的星状结构.群体间的Fst值为-0.077~0.018,且统计检验均不显著(p0.05).分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异全部来源于群体内个体间.Tajima's D值和Fu's Fs值均为显著负值,核苷酸不配对分布呈明显的单峰分布.南海北部蓝圆鲹群体约在29 000a前可能发生过扩张事件,导致遗传多样性呈现高h、低π模式;9个群体间的遗传分化并不显著,符合是一个随机交配种群的假设,但9个群体的遗传多样性水平却表现出明显的地理趋势,提示将南海北部蓝圆鲹作为单一种群进行渔业管理需持谨慎态度.     

碳、氧、锶同位素在羌塘盆地龙尾错地区层序地层研究中的应用

结合野外露头层序地层研究,探讨了羌塘盆地龙尾错地区中上侏罗统地层层序地层划分及其C、O、Sr同位素响应.认为自中侏罗统布曲组(J2b)-上侏罗统雪山组一段(J3xs1)可划分出三个三级层序.其中布曲组-索瓦组二段下部,C、O、Sr同位素在同一层序内呈有规律变化:在TST体系域内δ13C、δ18O、87Sr/86Sr均值较高,在纵向变化曲线上表现为正偏,而在HST体系域内表现为相对的负偏.其纵向上的三次明显正偏与负偏可分别对应于三次海底的停滞与扩张.文章同时分析了个别异常样品的数据特征及其成因.     

南襄盆地泌阳断陷下第三系陆相层序地层

泌阳断陷历经中生代小型拉分盆地、早第三纪断陷盆地和晚第三纪坳陷盆地等３个盆地原型的演化、叠合过程,形成了３个盆地充填序列及其所包含的３个构造层序。泌阳断陷下第三系（即构造层序Ⅱ）为湖盆沉积充填主体,其可划分为７个层序组,各层序组具特定的沉积体系配置关系。作为泌阳断陷油气勘探主要目的层段的下第三系核桃园组可进一步划分为１２个层序。其中,核三上段包括跨时分别为１．０８、１．４０、１．０２Ｍａ的３个陆相层序,由南往北呈现冲积扇—扇三角洲—湖泊—三角洲的沉积体系空间配置。泌阳断陷下第三系层序地层年代框架模式清晰地显示了断陷湖盆成盆演化史、沉积充填史及其陆相层序时空展布特征。