地震传感器的量值溯源方法

地震传感器在地震学研究与防震减灾领域应用广泛,数量众多,将其测量量值溯源到国际单位,能够保证测量结果准确和统一。文中对地震传感器测量量值进行量值溯源的必要性进行了叙述,说明了地震传感器的量值单位与国际标准单位的关系。对地震传感器量值溯源的途径以及与校准之间的联系进行了阐述。以力平衡加速度计为例对地震传感器的工作原理进行了说明。参照有关的国际标准,研究了基于正弦逼近法的地震传感器绝对法校准的技术要求,并给出了量值溯源框图,为建立地震传感器的量值溯源体系提供了技术依据。最后对低频振动校准的技术发展方向也作了阐述。     

沙氏指数计算方案探讨

从沙氏指数的物理定义出发,给出了计算沙氏指数的4种方案并进行了误差分析。A方案没有考虑水汽凝结潜热,计算结果误差大;B方案虽然考虑水汽凝结潜热,但计算方法没有考虑湿绝热线的曲率等问题,计算结果虽优于A方案,但误差仍较大;C方案不仅考虑水汽凝结潜热,并从计算方法上作了改进,不仅考虑了湿绝热线的曲率等问题,同时避免了由气压直接求取气温造成误差较大的问题,计算结果优于A、B方案,比较理想,可在实际工作中使用;D方案由假绝热方程经过转化求得上升气块的温度,然后算出沙氏指数,虽然精确,但计算复杂,实际应用较困难。     

地球化学模式程序在铀矿找矿中的应用——以巴音戈壁盆地塔木素地区为例

首先简述了地球化学模式程序、与铀成矿有关的水文地球化学参数及区域地质、水文地球化学概况,并研究了区内水文地球化学环境。在此基础上,依据区内水质分析资料,运用地球化学模式程序(PHREEQC)计算了下白垩统地下水中沥青铀矿饱和指数(SI)、Eh反应条件边界值(Ehb,U)及Eh反应条件指数(RCIEh)等。认为该区局部地段在下白垩统地下水的深部存在Ehw﹤Ehb,U,RCIEh<0,SI>0的条件,即地下水处于过渡环境中,地下水中铀处于沉淀析出的饱和或过饱和状态,与岩石地球化学环境吻合性较好。因而在区内具有铀矿化的可能性,已被区内发现的工业铀矿化得到了证实。     

SI数据采集系统简介

经过20多年的实践,煤炭系统已能较好地实现落差≥5m断层、煤层5m起伏的二、三维地震勘探.受大道距（10～20m）、多组合、高频（60Hz、100Hz）检波器的幅频响应、狭长的束状观测系统、炮检方位角变化引起频率降低等因素的影响,极大地约束了分辨率的进一步提高.SI地震数据采集系统,以小道距、不组合、单点宽频数字检波器接收,无采集站的宽频带、高密度、高保真度、高精度的数据采集方法等独有特点,可在更大范围内提高垂向、横向分辨率,探测落差≤5m的断层、控制直径≤15m陷落柱等微小地质构造,适应煤矿回采的要求.     

Correlation of JMA instrumental seismic intensity with strong motion parameters

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) seismic intensity (I_JMA) has been used as a measure of strong shaking for many years in Japan, and it necessitates to know the correlation between the JMA seismic intensity and other strong motion indices, e.g. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), Peak Ground Velocity (PGV), and Spectrum Intensity (SI). In this study, two strong motion data sets were selected; in which, the first set consists of 879 three‐components non‐liquefied records selected from 13 major earthquake events that occurred in Japan, the United States, and Taiwan, and the second set consists of 17 liquefied records selected from 7 major earthquake events that occurred in Japan and the United States. The JMA seismic intensity and other ground motion indices were calculated using the selected data sets. The relationships between the JMA seismic intensity and PGA, PGV, and SI were then derived performing a two‐stage linear regression analysis. Results from the analysis show that the JMA instrumental seismic intensity shows higher correlation with SI than PGA or PGV, and it shows the highest correlation with the parameters such as the combination of PGA and SI or the product of PGA and SI. The obtained relationships are also compared with the ones obtained by other studies, which may be useful for the disaster management agencies in Japan and deployment of new SI‐sensors that monitor both PGA and SI. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of GIS-based data-driven models for groundwater potential mapping in Kuhdasht region of Iran

Water shortage and population growth in Iran rapidly diminish groundwater supplies. Thus, finding the techniques such as GIS that can be used as powerful tools in groundwater management, and predicting groundwater potential is required. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the statistical index (SI), frequency ratio (FR) weights of evidence (WoE) and evidential belief function (EBF) models for groundwater potential mapping at Kuhdasht region, Lorestan province, Iran. For this purpose, 12 groundwater influencing factors were considered in this investigation. From 171 available wells in the study area, 114 wells (67%) and 57 wells (33%) were used based on random selection in SI, FR, WoE and EBF models as training and validation data-sets, respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for SI, FR, WoE and EBF models was calculated as 91.8, 91, 93.6 and 93.3%, respectively. These curve values indicated that all four models have reasonably good accuracy in spatially predicting groundwater potential in this area.     

鄂尔多斯盆地砂岩型铀矿碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素及其天然气-水混合流体作用特征

【研究目的】 本文以杭锦旗—大营铀矿为研究区,研究了矿床的碳酸盐化类型、期次和原位微区碳氧同位素特征,为该区砂岩型铀矿的形成及成因认识提供了新的信息和依据。【研究方法】 采用野外调研、工业孔含矿层位岩芯采集、高倍显微镜观察、电子探针图像分析等方法,区分不同期次的碳酸盐化(主要是方解石),在此基础上运用SHRIMP稳定同位素示踪技术进行C-O同位素测试,为更加精确示踪砂岩铀矿形成过程提供了合理的途径。【研究结果】 利用原位微区碳氧同位素示踪技术分析了铀成矿期及成矿期后流体特征,显示具有有机质来源的特点,其中方解石的氧同位素显示流体具有大气水作用的特点,认为天然气向北部运移耗散与地下水形成的低温混合热液流体为它们提供了碳质来源。本区“钙化木”状碳酸盐化的方解石多显示沿晶洞分布或沿裂隙贯穿,明显为成矿期后天然气沿裂隙充填的结果;因此,天然气-水混合流体作用从成矿期可一直延至成矿期后,具有叠加富集及保矿作用。【结论】 采用电子探针和镜下观察相结合的方法,在区分不同期次方解石的基础上,原位微区稳定同位素示踪技术为精细研究砂岩型铀矿成矿流体特征提供了有效的技术支撑。     

重庆中坝遗址剖面磁化率异常 与人类活动的关系

结合古器物推定及¹⁴C 测定年代、人类遗存遗迹和堆积物自然属性特征, 重庆中坝考 古遗址多剖面地层高分辨率采样的质量磁化率(SI) 综合对比研究表明: 磁化率分布表现异常, 在很大程度上已掩盖了气候变化、成土作用等因素对地层磁化率分布的贡献, 反映遗址堆积物曾受到人类长期异常强烈的改造。堆积物来源主要以文化器物碎片、人为带入的自然碎屑物和频繁的洪水沉积物为主。碎陶片集中(尤其红陶) 的文化层表现为高磁化率值, 其中多次异常高值的出现可能与此时高强度用火、大规模燃烧等事件致使土层磁性矿物增加有关; 而" 洪水扰动层" 则表现为低磁化率值。进一步分析曲线还可发现, 中坝地区新石器末至唐代是人类活动的活跃期, 宋以后人类活动有逐渐减弱的趋势, 其中新石器时代末、夏商中期、西周早中期、春秋时期、战国中晚期、六朝时期及唐代为活跃期中的旺盛阶段。新石器晚期、夏商早期、西周早期、春秋晚期、战国早期、宋代、明清和现代地层中洪水扰动明显, 推断 为洪水频发时代或此间曾出现过特大洪水。     

谱强度SI和地震动峰值加速度PGA参数在高铁列车地震预警中的应用

为了降低没有破坏性的高频小震对高铁地震报警的干扰,引入谱强度SI参数作为报警参数,分析其在高铁地震报警中的适用性。研究发现低频振动对SI的影响比高频振动大,对于高铁线路附近的高频小震,SI参数能有效的排除,但对于破坏性不大的远震大震可能会引发报警,从而产生误报现象,影响高铁列车运行效率。为了降低SI在破坏性小的远震大震中的误报率,本文引入PGA与SI作为报警参数。最后给出了不同时速下基于PGA与SI联合报警的阈值供参考。     

Application of particle filter combined with extended Kalman filter in model identification of an autonomous underwater vehicle based on experimental data

This study proposes a method for identification of the nonlinear dynamic model of an AUV while some states are unmeasured; hence, it concentrates on a nonlinear “state and parameter estimation” issue. In this method, a local linearization is used for solving the nonlinear dynamics based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF), and a particle filter (PF) is used to minimize errors and variances of the nonlinear system. In other words, the PF is combined with the EKF in the form of the extended Kalman particle filter (EKPF). The EKPF method is independent of the initial values and satisfies the limits of the parameters and also the assumption that the hydrodynamic coefficients are constant. Hence, it is shown when the ranges or signs of some parameters are known, the EKPF is a more accurate estimator than the EKF. Moreover, a new simulation is done using the model estimated by the EKPF and the results are compared and validated with the measured data of a new experimental test. It is shown that the obtained model can predict the trajectory path with the total normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) of 14% and the surge mean speed with the NRMSE of 5%; and it describes the 6DOF motion of the AUV more accurate than the EKF model.