不同地质背景地热系统水-岩作用下温泉水的地球化学特征——以重庆市温塘峡背斜温泉、滇东小江断裂带温泉为例

本文以重庆市温塘峡背斜和滇东小江断裂带出露温泉为例,探讨了其水文地球化学特征的差异。研究发现,由于地质背景条件基本相同,温塘峡背斜出露的温泉水文地球化学特征比较接近,水化学类型为SO4-Ca（Mg）型,而小江断裂带温泉水文地球化学特征差异较大,泉水水化学类型主要有HCO3-Na型（YN1）、HCO3-Ca型（YN2）、SO4-Ca（Mg）型（YN3和YN5）和SO4-HCO3-Ca-Na型（YN4）,这与各泉点所处地质背景条件不同有很大关系。此外,通过对Na-K-Mg和Na-K-Mg-Ca图解模型的解读得出,所有样品均未达到水-岩平衡,仅有YN1泉点样品接近完全平衡线,表明YN1接近水-岩作用平衡状态,并由上述图解模型估算得到YN1点热储温度大概为100~120℃,与运用SiO2温标计算的热储温度（133~139℃）相差不大。此外,水化学特征和Na-K-Mg-Ca图解分析也表明,YN2与温塘峡背斜温泉水-岩作用过程比较相似。     

Analysing Lava Risk for the Etnean Area: Simulation by Cellular Automata Methods

The model SCIARA, based on the Cellular Automata paradigm, is a versatile instrument whose scope is to analyse volcanic risk from lava flows.The possible fields of intervention are:[(a)] Long term forecasting of the flow direction at various eruption rates and points of emission by locating potential risk areas and permitting the creation of detailed maps of risk;[(b)] The possibility to follow the progress of an event and predict its evolution;[(c)] The verification of the possible effects of human intervention on real or simulated flows in stream deviation.A risk scenario has been developed for the Etnean territories of the towns of Nicolosi, Pedara and S. Alfio, simulating possible episodes with different vent locations along the fracture opened in the 1989 eruption and successively activated in the 1991–1993 eruption.The main characteristics of lava flows, that might be dangerous to the inhabited areas, have been analysed on the basis of the carried out Cellular Automata.     

煤矿断层密度的分维描述

煤矿断层密度是评价断层破坏程度的一个常用指标。由于它是单因素评价,所以在实际应用中往往受到限制。文中以平顶山五矿戊９－１０煤层断层为例,采用分维计算方法对断层密度进行了重新定量。结果表明,断层密度分维与断层长度,条数和断层密度分布的均匀性有关,它为煤矿断层密度的定量评价提供了一种新的方法。     

矿区采动断裂的稳定性评价

矿区优势断裂对地表岩移具明显的控制作用。采动断裂的稳定与否,不仅取决于开采区与断裂的距离和开采规模,更重要的在于采动断裂本身系列优势指标的大小,据此认识,用模糊数学方法对其稳定性进行了综合评价,得出了与实际相吻合的结论。     

深埋隧洞开挖数值模拟分析的纵向模型范围研究

模型范围是影响数值分析计算精度与效率的重要因素,针对深埋隧洞开挖数值模拟分析问题,采用有限差分软件FLAC3D和复合失稳准则,对计算模型的纵向范围取值问题展开研究。首先分析了深埋隧洞开挖过程中围岩纵向变形以及未开挖岩塞对围岩变形的约束作用,然后研究了近端边界和远端边界对监测断面位置处围岩变形的影响,最后采用最小二乘法对多组计算结果进行了位移误差分析,并给出了纵向模型范围的取值建议。研究结果表明,当监测断面距掌子面大于10倍洞径时,未开挖岩塞的约束作用基本消失;远端边界以及近端边界与监测断面的最大位移误差值之间均基本满足幂函数关系,且远端边界对监测点位移误差的影响要大于近端边界;深埋隧洞开挖数值模拟中,纵向模型范围取7.5倍洞径即可满足一般数值分析的精度要求。     

基底不均匀伸展对盆地构造形成特征影响的实验研究

不同基底伸展条件下砂箱实验模型变形特征的对比分析表明,基底的局部不均匀伸展可以导致伸展盆地构造格局的显著变化,复杂构造面貌并非总是意味着伸展盆地具有复杂的构造变形过程和变形历史。伸展基底的不均匀伸展可以导致锐交角平分线与伸展方向垂直的共轭剪切变形带。      

Simulation of drilling‐induced compaction bands using discrete element method

Rock failure is observed around boreholes often with certain types of failure zones, which are called breakouts. Laboratory‐scale drilling tests in some high‐porosity quartz‐rich sandstone have shown breakouts in the form of narrow localized compacted zones in the minimum horizontal stress direction. They are called fracture‐like breakouts. Such compaction bands may affect hydrocarbon extraction by forming barriers that inhibit fluid flow and may also be a source of sand production. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of borehole breakouts using 3D discrete element method to investigate the mechanism of the fracture‐like breakouts and to identify the role of far‐field stresses on the breakout dimensions. The numerical tool was first verified against analytical solutions. It was then utilized to investigate the failure mechanism and breakout geometry for drilled cubic rock samples of Castlegate sandstone subjected to different pre‐existing far‐field stresses. Results show that failure occurs in the zones of the highest concentration of tangential stress around the borehole. It is concluded that fracture‐like breakout develops as a result of a nondilatant failure mechanism consisting of localized grain debonding and repacking and grain crushing that lead to the formation of a compaction band in the minimum horizontal stress direction. In addition, it is found that the length of fracture‐like breakouts depends on both the mean stress and stress anisotropy. However, the width of the breakout is not significantly changed by the far‐field stresses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Corrected and Generalized Successive Random Additions Algorithm for Simulating Fractional Levy Motions

Simulation of subsurface heterogeneity is important for modeling subsurface flow and transport processes. Previous studies have indicated that subsurface property variations can often be characterized by fractional Brownian motion (fBm) or (truncated) fractional Levy motion (fLm). Because Levy-stable distributions have many novel and often unfamiliar properties, studies on generating fLm distributions are rare in the literature. In this study, we generalize a relatively simple and computationally efficient successive random additions (SRA) algorithm, originally developed for generating Gaussian fractals, to simulate fLm distributions. We also propose an additional important step in response to continued observations that the traditional SRA algorithm often generates fractal distributions having poor scaling and correlation properties. Finally, the generalized and modified SRA algorithm is validated through numerical tests.     

预应力锚杆对岩体板裂化的控制机制研究

为探究预应力锚杆对岩体板裂化破坏的控制机制,首先进行了岩体板裂化破坏的室内物理模型试验,并运用FLAC数值模拟技术,模拟了平面应变状态下板裂化破坏的形成过程;在此基础上,通过3种不同的预应力锚杆施加方案,进行预应力锚杆对岩体板裂化破坏控制机制的数值试验。研究结果表明：预应力锚杆的作用削弱了裂隙尖端应力集中现象,有效地抑制了岩体内裂隙的扩展与贯通、板裂化破坏的形成;作用在板裂区边界的预应力锚杆,不仅能够抑制板裂化破坏的形成,而且能在一定程度上控制板裂化破坏的范围;作用在板裂破坏区内的预应力锚杆,可有效限制板裂岩体向临空面的位移,体现出提高板裂岩体整体变形刚度的作用。研究结果对认识深埋隧洞围岩板裂化破坏的形成机制、板裂化破坏的合理支护控制以及岩爆防治具有重要指导价值。