应用6S模式对EOS-MODIS可见光到中红外波段的大气订正

应用6S辐射传输模式对MODIS可见光到中红外波段的反射率进行大气订正，订正过程分两步进行:首先设定地表为朗伯体，再应用二向反射模型BRDF进行订正，订正结果与美国MODIS研究组应用MAS实验结果进行比较表明，两者变化趋势是一致的；经过臭氧、水汽、气溶胶等散射吸收订正，对于一定范围的反射率，大气订正使植被区红光波段反射率ρ₁降低、近红外波段反射率ρ₂增加，蓝光波段反射率ρ₃降低；大气订正后，归一化植被指数I_NDV较大气订正前有所增加，增加的最大值为0.104，抗土壤-大气植被指数IEV值略有减小，减小的最大值为0.005。     

6-硝基-2-苯并噻唑重氮氨基偶氮苯与铜的显色反应及其应用

在pH10～12的Na2B4O7-NaOH缓冲溶液中,TritonX-100表面活性剂存在下,6-硝基-2-苯并噻唑重氮氨基偶氮苯与铜发生显色反应,生成2∶1的深红色配合物。配合物的最大吸收峰位于535nm处,表观摩尔吸光系数1.42×105L·mol-1·cm-1。Cu2+的浓度在0～400μg/L符合比尔定律。用拟定方法测定铝合金及铜矿石样品中的微量铜,结果与原子吸收法结果相符,6次测定的RSD<3%。     

枯水研究进展

枯水和洪水是水文学中极值范畴,自20世纪七八十年代以来,大规模地开展河流枯水研究工作,但枯水研究的深度远远低于洪水。总结前人研究的成果可以发现,人类对枯水研究的内容主要集中在以下3点:①对不同区域影响枯水的主要因素进行识别;②枯水频率分析以及有关枯水资料的处理方法;③分析枯水径流的计算方法及系统预测。从研究方法来看,过去,对于枯水研究中所采用的方法主要是以概率统计学和时间序列分析等为主的传统方法。随着信息时代的到来,一些新的技术、新的方法纷纷地应用于枯水研究,如"3S"技术(RS、GIS、GPS)。通过枯水研究综述,对我国进一步开展枯水研究以及合理利用枯水资源提供了科学依据,为我国开展系统综合分析应用研究,特别是对西部的干旱、半干旱地区具有深远的科学现实意义。     

昆明市东川区泥石流信息系统的建立及其应用

根据东川区泥石流的成因、泥石流灾害信息源、各类数据的表达方式及泥石流信息系统的应用等，对东川区泥石流信息系统进行了系统分析，在此基础上利用3S技术，在ARCVIEW的AVENUE开发语言支持下，集成各类数据，建立东川区泥石流信息系统，最后讨论了该系统在泥石流危险度区划及灾害趋势分析中的应用。     

In the Critical Zone: Geography at the U.S. Geological Survey

Geography is again becoming an integral part of the premier natural‐science agency of the federal government. Geographic research emphasizes the surface of the earth, a portion of the earth system that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) defines as the “critical zone.” Although geography was part of the USGS from the creation of the agency, in recent years geography in the agency has largely been limited to topographic mapping. Recently, the USGS and an advisory committee of the National Research Council (NRC) reviewed the role of geography at the Survey. The committee's report, along with ongoing decision‐making in the federal government, is likely to reshape geography in the USGS. The newly defined USGS has a regional structure and four disciplines: geology, hydrology, biology, and geography. The NRC report emphasizes the need for the creation of a spatial database called the National Map to replace the existing series of paper topographic maps. The report also outlines the need for geographic research in geographic information science (GIScience), nature‐society connections, and bridging of science to decision‐making. The NRC report has been briefed throughout the USGS, in the federal executive branch, and in Congress. The changing role for geography in the USGS requires change in the agency culture, revised budgetary decisions, and the establishment of a long‐term core agenda for research. Academic geographers will need to prepare a new generation of geographers for participation in the USGS and similar agencies.     

昆仑Ms 8.1地震前青藏块体北、东缘水平运动变形的关联特征

青藏块体东北缘和川滇GPS监测区1991(1993)、1999和2001年高精度GPS观测资料揭示：2001年11月14日昆仑Ms8．1地震前，青藏块体北、东缘构造区域水平运动变形场动态演变具有一定的关联性特征。即：在继承性运动总体背景下，临近大震发生时两区域运动强度同步减弱且变形状态发生变化。结合地质构造分析研究认为，昆仑Ms8．1地震前，青藏块体边界运动变形的关联性变化与大震孕育后期大范围应力应变快速积累所形成的扰动应力场有关；随着块体内部大震的发生、应变能的大量释放和构造应力场的调整，可能会促使块体边界地带具有较高应变积累的相关构造部位(尤其是未被历史强震破裂贯通的地带)的应力应变的进一步积累或破裂释放。     

Compositional variations (major and trace elements) of clinopyroxene and Ti-andradite from pyroxenite, ijolite and nepheline syenite, Alnö Island, Sweden

Clinopyroxenes from pyroxenite, ijolite and nepheline syenite from the main intrusion of the Alnö complex define two sub-parallel compositional trends with respect to Na, Ca and Fe_TOT plotted against alkali-pyroxene fractionation index (Na–Mg). Both trends define a smooth fractionation of increasing Na and Fe_TOT and decreasing Ca with increasing Na–Mg, but one set of samples contain clinopyroxenes that constantly plot at higher Na and lower Fe_TOT and Ca (at similar Na–Mg) than the rest of the samples. Clinopyroxenes with higher Ca and Fe_TOT and lower Na (trend 1) co-exist with substantial amounts of Ti-andradite (up to 70 vol.%), while the sample set defining the more Na-rich trend (trend 2) lack co-existing Ti-andradite. Clinopyroxenes from both trends show fractionated REE patterns with a distinct difference in HREE content, reflecting the content of co-existing Ti-andradite. The rocks of the first Ti-andradite-bearing trend crystallized slightly prior to the rocks of the second trend, probably from a primitive, Ca- and Ti-rich nephelinitic magma. Crystallisation of pyroxenite and melteigite occurred under low aSiO₂ and high aCaO and aTiO₂ as evidenced by the presence of perovskite and sometimes substantial amounts of magnetite. Subsequent increase in aSiO₂ is evidenced in the overgrowth of perovskite by titanite, which in turn is overgrown by Ti-andradite. Nepheline syenitic residuals crystallized under higher aSiO₂ and aNa₂O and lower aCaO and aTiO₂, which reduced Ti-andradite into an accessory phase and produced more Si- and Na-rich clinopyroxenes. Some of these residuals probably also mixed with new primitive magma producing a hybrid magma that crystallised the more Na-rich and Ca- and Fe_TOT-poor clinopyroxenes of trend 2. The complete lack of Ti-andradite in these rocks indicates different crystallisation conditions and also a different magma composition.     

云南沿边境地带生态环境3S监测、 评价与调控研究

本文利用全球新千年整体生态系统评估的理论，以云南省沿边境地带生态系统变化跨境生态安全为研究对象，探寻并揭示我国陆疆系统的跨境生态系统变化监测、评价和生态安全综合调控的基础理论与信息机理；进而研究基于“3S”云南沿边境地带的生态环境监测、评价与综合调控的方法和关键技术，包括方法和技术体系的建立、指标体系的建立、多尺度效应和尺度转换、数学模型的建立、综合调控模式和决策方案的建立等；在案例研究部分，建立了背景数据库，然后选择大、中、小尺度进行了全区生态环境现状评价，重点河道、典型路段和重点口岸的影响评价和预测预报研究，最后进行了综合调控模式和方案的探讨，并对研究结果进行了动态仿真和虚拟表达研究。     

Vegetation history of the penultimate glacial period (Marine isotope stage 6) at Ioannina,north‐west Greece

The vegetational history of the penultimate glacial period, Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 (c. 185–135 ka), has remained relatively unexplored. Here we present a new record from the Ioannina basin, north‐west Greece, which constitutes the highest‐resolution terrestrial pollen record for this interval produced to date. It shows that the vegetation history of MIS 6 in this region can be divided into two parts: an early period (185–155 ka) with pronounced oscillations in tree population extent, and a later period (155–135 ka) with much smaller tree populations and subdued oscillations. This pattern is analogous to the MIS 3/MIS 2 division during the last glacial in the same sequence, although the early part of MIS 6 had larger Pinus populations and fewer temperate trees relative to the equivalent interval in MIS 3. This implies cooler and wetter conditions, which is somewhat counterintuitive given the high summer insolation during MIS 6e, but is in line with other palaeoclimatic evidence from the Mediterranean. Comparison with North Atlantic records suggests that despite the absence of pronounced iceberg discharges during MIS 6, North Atlantic millennial‐scale variability had a significant downstream impact on tree populations in north‐west Greece. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.