"数字黄河"工程中4S技术应用研究

就4S技术在“数字黄河”工程中的应用进行了论述,并对4S技术应用的关键问题作了探讨。通过分析认为,4S及其集成技术是“数字黄河”的神经网络,是建设“数字黄河”工程的核心技术。     

3S技术在数据库数据更新中的应用

主要介绍了“3S”技术及其在数据库数据更新方面发展的状况，并以1：250000数据库更新为例，简述了利用“3S”技术进行数据库数据更新的基本过程及步骤。     

"99.6"梅雨锋暴雨云和降水物理过程的中尺度数值模拟

用MM5(V2)中尺度非静力数值模式对长江中下游地区的梅雨锋降水的云和降水进行模拟研究。对于可分辨尺度的降水，采用Reisner霸显式方案；对云内微物理过程特别是对各种水成物的源汇项进行了详细分析，以期深入了解梅雨锋云系内部的云物理过程。     

两系杂交稻制种的气候适应性研究

研究两系杂交稻的首要不育系———培矮64S制种的气候适应性, 一方面可为两系杂交稻的生产提供决策参考, 另一方面也可为其它不育系的研究提供借鉴。分析气候适应性时, 首先利用播种—抽穗天数及其对应的气象资料, 建立发育期模型; 然后利用自交结实率资料及其对应的气象资料建立育性量化模型, 并求出育性转换的光温指标; 最后将我国稻区35个站点42年 (1951~1992年) 的气象资料代入发育期模型, 求出各站点的可能出穗持续期 (最早出穗期—最晚出穗期的历期), 对比育性转换的光温指标, 确定培矮64S在80%、90%和95%保证率下连续不育 (可育) 的初、终日, 将连续不育期作为生产杂交稻种子的季节, 将连续可育期作为繁殖培矮64S的季节。结果显示:培矮64S仅能在海南岛及云贵高原中低海拔地区自交繁殖; 而在东北、云贵高原以外的稻区, 培矮64S均可用于生产两系杂交稻的种子, 各稻区制种季节的长短、起止日期与种植地的纬度、海拔高度相关。     

城市地下管线的测绘及数据管理

介绍城市地下管网从野外采集数据到内业成图一体化作业过程,并同步建立管网信息库、地理信息库,实现GIS平台上对管网的科学管理。     

ERDAS软件在森林资源分类工作中应用

在森林资源分类经营工作的实践中,通过ERDAS软件和3S技术与传统资源调查方法的比较,提出了应用ERDAS软件和3S技术进行资源调查的技术手段具有无可比拟的优势的观点。采用3S技术来完成林业资源分类区划项目,克服了原先调查方法上存在的周期长、工作量大、费时、费力、结果不准确的问题,具有周期短、省时、省力、数据精度高、统计结果准确的优势。ERDAS软件在项目的进行过程中起到了非常重要的作用,有将近80%的工作都是在ERDAS软件中完成的。     

Joint bulk-sound and shear tomography for Western Pacific subduction zones

Detailed regional body wave tomographic inversion of the Western Pacific region has been performed using P and S travel times from common sources and receivers, with a joint inversion in terms of bulk-sound and shear wave-speed variations in the mantle. This technique allows the separation of the influence of bulk and shear moduli, and hence a more direct comparison with mineral physics information. The study region is parameterized with cells of side 0.5° to 2° and 19 layers to a depth of 1500 km, while the rest of the mantle was parameterized with 5×5° cells with 16 layers between the surface and the core–mantle boundary. A simultaneous inversion is made for regional and global structures to minimize the influence of surrounding structures on the regional image. A nested iterative inversion scheme is employed with local linearization and three-dimensional ray tracing through the successive model updates. The results of the regional tomographic inversion reveal the penetration of a subducted slab below the 660 km discontinuity at the Kurile–Kamchatka trench, while flattening of slabs above this depth is observed in the Japan and Izu–Bonin subduction zones on both the bulk-sound and shear wave-speed images. The penetration of a subducted slab down to a depth of at least 1200 km is seen below the southern part of the Bonin trench, Mariana, Philippine, and Java subduction zones. Fast shear wave-speed perturbations associated with the subducted slabs, down to the 410 km transition zone, are larger than the comparable bulk-sound perturbations for all these subduction zones except the Philippines. The bulk-sound signature for the subducted slab is more pronounced than for shear in the Philippines, Talaud, New Guinea, Solomon, and Tonga subduction zones, where penetration of the slab into the middle mantle is observed. Variation in the amplitude ratio between bulk-sound and shear wave-speed anomalies correlates well with the subduction parameters of the descending slab. Slabs younger than 90 Ma at the trench show bulk-sound dominance in the upper mantle, while older slabs have a stronger shear wave-speed signature. Spreading of the fast shear wave-speed zone between 800 and 1000 km is observed in the areas of deep subducted slab penetration, but has no comparable expression in the bulk-sound images. This high-velocity feature may reflect physical or chemical disequilibria introduced to the lower mantle by subducted slabs.     

Gas hazard assessment in a densely inhabited area of Colli Albani Volcano (Cava dei Selci, Roma)

The northwestern flank of the Colli Albani, a Quaternary volcanic complex near Rome, is characterised by high pCO₂ values and Rn activities in the groundwater and by the presence of zones with strong emission of gas from the soil. The most significant of these zones is Cava dei Selci where many houses are located very near to the gas emission site. The emitted gas consists mainly of CO₂ (up to 98 vol%) with an appreciable content of H₂S (0.8–2%). The He and C isotopic composition indicates, as for all fluids associated with the Quaternary Roman and Tuscany volcanic provinces, the presence of an upper mantle component contaminated by crustal fluids associated with subducted sediments and carbonates. An advective CO₂ flux of 37 tons/day has been estimated from the gas bubbles rising to the surface in a small drainage ditch and through a stagnant water pool, present in the rainy season in a topographically low central part of the area. A CO₂ soil flux survey with an accumulation chamber, carried out in February–March 2000 over a 12 000 m² surface with 242 measurement points, gave a total (mostly conductive) flux of 61 tons/day. CO₂ soil flux values vary by four orders of magnitude over a 160-m distance and by one order of magnitude over several metres. A fixed network of 114 points over 6350 m² has been installed in order to investigate temporal flux variations. Six surveys carried out from May 2000 to June 2001 have shown large variations of the total CO₂ soil flux (8–25 tons/day). The strong emission of CO₂ and H₂S, which are gases denser than air, produces dangerous accumulations in low areas which have caused a series of lethal accidents to animals and one to a man. The gas hazard near the houses has been assessed by continuously monitoring the CO₂ and H₂S concentration in the air at 75 cm from the ground by means of two automatic stations. Certain environmental parameters (wind direction and speed; atm P, T, humidity and rainfall) were also continuously recorded. At both stations, H₂S and CO₂ exceeded by several times the recommended concentration thresholds. The highest CO₂ and H₂S values were recorded always with wind speeds less than 1.5 m/s, mostly in the night hours. Our results indicate that there is a severe gas hazard for people living near the gas emission site of Cava dei Selci, and appropriate precautionary and prevention measures have been recommended both to residents and local authorities.     

在堤坝勘察中电测深曲线S等值性校正的研究

目的 阐述了土坝勘察中电测深曲线存在中间层S等值性。方法 电测深在堤坝勘察中是一种经济、实用和高效的物探方法。结果 通过实例论述和分析了在堤坝质量探测中，电测深曲线S等值性探测精度的影响及在井约束下的校正方法。结论 总结出一些对电测深等值性的校正方法，在钻井资料约束下的校正方法，已取得了明显的地质效果。     

接收函数方法及其新的进展

远震P波波形数据中包含了大量地震台站下方地壳和上地幔速度间断面所产生的PS转换波及其多次反射波的信息，由此提取的接收函数是了解地壳上地幔速度细结构的重要步骤手段之一．最近几年，接收函数和面波联合反演方法获得了较大的成功，两种分别对两种波形进行拟合，对反演的速度结构提供了有效的约束．地震勘探中的一些成熟技术被引进接收函数的数据处理，使其可用于地壳和上地幔主要速度界面的侧向变化研究．为增强接收函数的信噪比，将不同事件提取的接收函数进行分类，按方位角进行叠加，可以反应一些速度界面的横向变化．接收函数方法可用于PS转换震相的剪切波分裂研究．泊松比是推测地球内部物质构成的有效参数之一．接收函数方法分离出的转换波为获取泊松比提供了一条行之有效的便捷途径，单一的地震台远震记录中转换波可以估计点位下面地壳Vp/Vs值．另一方面，一些最新的反演技术被引入接收函数的反演．例如，格子收索方法力图解决接收函数反演中的不稳定性和非唯一性问题，格子搜索设计比较容易地结合先验约束并保证搜索是全空间的，避免了使用任何初始模型．该方法能保证在格子的间隔和参数的限度内获得全局最小，该方法被用于中东、南美及临近地区的深部结构．相邻算法是基于计算几何的概念而构建的一种非线性反演方法．该方法避免了此前一些方法(遗传算法、模拟退火)的一些缺陷，如大量样本的舍弃、过多参数的引进等，该算法对我国的五大连池和腾冲火山区的深部结构的反演，以及滇西地区的深部动力学研究获得了良好的效果．