NURE航空计划回顾与新时代航空γ能谱勘查启示

国家铀资源评价(NURE)计划实现了覆盖美国本土和阿拉斯加的1:250000 NTMS图幅航空γ能谱测量和航磁测量,通过简要回顾该计划历程,重点针对NURE中航空地球物理勘查(航空y能谱和航磁测量),讨论了航空地球物理勘查中测量技术、数据处理及解释方法等.NURE航空测量在铀矿勘查和辐射环境评价、洲际航空地球物理编图等...     

塔里木盆地北部油气运移二维二相数值模拟分析

油气运移和聚集过程实际上是油（气）水饱和度知疏导层的变化过程，盆地中油（气）二相流动问题的研究就是对这一过程的定量描述，本项研究是在前人工作基础上，考察压实作用造成骨架变形来推导新的二维二相流动方程，它容描述异常压力演化与二相流动于一式，在模拟方法上采用有限分析的数值方法，这应用于新疆塔里木盆地北部地区，展示了该区异常压力、含水饱和度弥散状扩散效应以及流速场在地质历史时期动态模拟演化特征；指出了该     

华南花岗岩物源成因特征与陆壳演化

华南不同时代的花岗岩按物质来源及成因可划分为:幔源(分异)系列:幔-壳混源(同熔)系列;壳源改造(重熔)系列和幔-壳混源碱性系列等四个不同的系列,简要阐述了划分四类系列的岩石学、地球化学的依据。侧重根据Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr同位素成分,以二元混合模型计算了花岗岩源区物质组成中,上壳和亏损地幔组份各占的比例。在此基础上探讨了不同物源成因系列花岗岩形成与华南陆壳演化的内在联系:东安、雪峰旋回褶皱系阶段花岗岩物源成因类型比较多样,有幔源(分异)系列、不成熟壳源、成熟壳源改造(重熔)系列等;加里东,海西期以陆壳改造(重熔)系列为主;印支、燕山期活化区(地洼)阶段,在地幔活化激发下,中国东部陆缘形成幔—壳混源(同熔)系列花岗岩和相应的火山岩;但沿内部断裂带,在壳下地幔热传输及构造作用下引起陆壳重熔,形成属于壳源改造(重熔)系列花岗岩。同位素的研究证明了:地洼阶段的构造-岩浆活动主要动力是来自壳下地幔的活化。     

岩石爆破过程S波的产生机制分析

全面总结、分析了岩石爆破过程S波的产生机制,表明短柱状药包、炮孔周围岩体的开裂与破碎以及装药偏离球形或柱形空腔中心,均可诱发S波,并且诱发S波的幅值可超过P波;P波传播过程与岩体界面的相互作用,可产生次生的S波（透、反射SV波）。在此基础上,就爆破振动场模拟方法与计算模型选择中如何体现S波的产生机制方面提出了建议     

叠前时间偏移方法在煤田勘探中的应用

根据克希霍夫积分法的原理,介绍了叠前时间偏移的方法特点,实现过程,以及对地震资料的要求,依托国家重大产业技术专项“西部煤炭资源高精度三维地震勘探”工程,对“青海省鱼卡煤田四井田高精度三维地震勘探”资料进行叠前时间偏移,结果表明其能较好地解决成像质量差、能量聚焦不明显、绕射波收敛不理想等方面的难题。通过与叠后时间偏移对比,对于大倾角地层、断块小且多的破碎带、陡倾角不对称向斜等地质问题,其叠前时间偏移剖面成像质量都有明显的提高,反映的构造关系更加清晰,同相轴连续性增强。总结该方法在多个矿区的推广经验．认为合理的观测系统、较高的资料信噪比,准确的测量资料及较高的中表层速度调查精度是做好叠前时间偏移的前提。     

南秦岭钡成矿带重晶石与毒重石成矿特征

在我国扬子地块北缘南秦岭一带的早古生代硅质岩建造中,存在一大批重晶石矿床和毒重石矿床,构成世界上极为罕见的大型钡成矿带。根据流体包裹体显微测温分析,重晶石流体包裹体均一温度峰值低于毒重石流体包裹体峰值。这些矿床中重晶石的3δ4S值比同期海水3δ4S值高(除去文峪矿区重晶石一个3δ4S值与同期海水3δ4S值接近),表明当时细菌对硫酸盐的还原作用引起了重S的富集。各钡矿床中的毒重石有各自的1δ3C和1δ8O值范围,毒重石中的C来自有机质事件反应。根据热力学计算表明,小于162.42℃的温度有利于形成重晶石矿石;在温度高于162.42℃时,海水中积累充足的CO32-(来自有机事件)有利于形成毒重石矿石。在重晶石矿床形成的晚期,如出现贫Ba2+热液,且海水中积累足够的CO32-和温度高于162.42℃,CO32-可以交代重晶石中的SO42-,形成交代成因的毒重石。     

应力路径和干湿状态对堆石料颗粒破碎的影响研究

堆石料颗粒破碎是引起高土石坝变形的重要因素。在大坝填筑、蓄水期,堆石料的应力路径和干湿状态均是变化的。通过大型三轴试验,系统地研究了应力路径和干湿状态对堆石料颗粒破碎规律的影响。试验结果表明：（1）相同初始条件下,按不同应力路径达到同一轴向应变停机时测定的颗粒破碎率是不同的,等围压?3试验产生的颗粒破碎最大,等平均主应力p试验的次之,等最大主应力?1试验的最小,但不同应力路径下的颗粒级配演化规律是一致的。（2）相同初始条件下,湿样的颗粒破碎率明显高于干样,且二者的差距随着围压的增大而增大,不同干湿条件下的颗粒级配演化规律同样是一致的。（3）建立的考虑母岩强度的颗粒破碎率与塑性功的关系可以较好地统一描述不同应力路径及干湿状态下的颗粒破碎。该研究成果可为建立复杂应力路径及干湿变化条件下考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料弹塑性本构模型提供依据。     

Seasonal Forecasting for Climate Hazards: Prospects and Responses

One of the most promising developments for early warning of climate hazards is seasonal climate forecasting. Already forecasts are operational in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics, particularly for droughts and floods associated with ENSO events. Prospects for further development of seasonal forecasting for a range of climatichazards are reviewed, illustrated with case studies in Africa, Australia, the U.S.A. and Europe. A critical evaluation of the utility of seasonal forecasts centres on vulnerability, communicationchannels, and effective responses. In contrast to short-term prediction, seasonal forecasts raise new issues of preparedness and the use of information.     

Measuring the k–S–p relations on DNAPLs migration

Migration characteristics of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in the subsurface can be expressed as a water–DNAPL two-phase system based on mainly the k–S–p relations, which describe the relations among relative permeability (k), degree of water saturation (S), and capillary pressure head (p). The aims of this research are to develop an experimental system with new type of probes, such as the electrical conductivity probe for measuring the degree of water saturation and the hydrophilic and hydrophobic tensiometer for measuring the pore water and DNAPL pressures, and also to estimate the results obtained from the developed experimental system. From these tests, the excellent k–S–p relations were obtained and the efficiency and validity of this developed experimental system have been confirmed in terms of the concept of the scaling coefficient calculated by interfacial tensions.     

Apatite Composition of Representative Magnetite‐series and Ilmenite‐series Granitoids in Japan

Apatites of representative magnetite‐series and ilmenite‐series granitoids were studied in the Japanese Islands. Concentrations of the volatile components F, Cl and SO₃ are differently distributed in apatites of these granitoid series. Apatites are always fluoroapatite. They have weakly higher F content in the ilmenite series than in the magnetite series. In contrast, Cl and SO₃, are significantly concentrated in apatites of the magnetite series compared to the ilmenite series. These characteristics reflect the original concentrations of these components in the host granitic magmas. A high fO₂ seems most important for the S‐concentration as sulfate in apatite of the magnetite series. REE and Y are only erratically high in the studied apatites.