Thermodynamic Evaluation of Mineral Balance in Water Thickness of the Soda Lake Doroninskoe(Eastern Transbaikalia,Russia)

正In recent years,lakes,including salted,attract the attention of researchers,also when reconstructing last climate changes using the bottom sediments(Solotchina et al.,2008,et al.).In this case the different geochemical     

Carbon dioxide emissions from Russia's electricity sector: future scenarios

Abstract

This article investigates future greenhouse gas emission scenarios for Russia's electricity sector, a topic of importance since Russia's ratification of the Kyoto Protocol in November 2004. Eleven scenarios are constructed to the year 2020 considering economic and technological details in both the demand and supply sides of the sector. The scenarios are based upon a thorough review of the different factors controlling carbon dioxide emissions, including potential economic growth, changes in energy efficiency and technological development, and that Russia may export large amounts of natural gas to European and Asian markets. The most likely scenario is that Russia will double industrial output over the next 10 years, increase energy efficiency in the demand sector, will remain consistent to the goals of the Energy Strategy 2020 and will implement more efficient technology in the electricity supply sector. Consequently, carbon dioxide emissions will still be 102 million tonnes below 1990 levels in 2010, representing a significant source for emission reduction credits available to be sold on international markets or transferred to the next crediting period.     

STAMPS AS MESSENGERS OF POLITICAL TRANSITION*

Previous studies of postage stamps noted their importance in promoting national identity and the objectives of the state. Neglected in this literature by geographers and others is a discussion of stamp themes and issues during political and economic transitions. A content analysis of issues during the Soviet Union's last three years and Russia's first three years revealed some significant changes. The Soviet Union issued many stamps and sets on a wide variety of topics, including nature, folk items and legends, international ties, and ideology. Russia issued fewer stamps: Nature was important, but religion and issues that promoted Russia's heritage replaced ideology and international themes. Early Russian stamps evoked an “inward” worldview that promoted a nascent nationalism. In its final years the Soviet Union noted evidence of these changes in priorities and themes with issues that depicted Soviet environmental disasters or honored the individuals killed in the failed Russian coup attempt in August 1991.     

ROUND ONE FOR HSGP: A REPORT ON ACCEPTANCE AND DIFFUSION

The expansion of the Internet and e-mail access around the globe, especially into less-developed areas, raises the question of how geographers might use this technology for research purposes and the development of appropriate methodologies. This paper identifies three ways in which the use of e-mail surveys for geographic research differs from traditional mail surveys. First, there are substantial differences in selecting an appropriate sample population. Second, electronic medium considerations such as alphabet character translation, survey format, and receiving end conditions pose unique data collection challenges. Third, ascertaining that e-mail addresses to be included in a survey are operative is discussed as a useful means of maximizing the potential of an e-mail survey. Examples from an e-mail survey of environmentalists in Russia illustrate these points.     

俄罗斯的金刚石及其产业发展

2010年,俄罗斯毛坯金刚石的产量约占世界总产量的25%,并以强劲的增长势头不断改变着世界金刚石市场的供应格局。对近10年发表的有关俄罗斯金刚石的英文文献进行了编译整理,对雅库特、阿尔汉格尔斯克和乌拉尔产出金刚石的宝石矿物学特征进行了比较分析,结果显示,三个产区的金刚石在颜色、形貌、微量杂质元素、发光性、包裹体等方面有一定的差异,这些差异是否可以作为俄罗斯不同金刚石产地来源的标型特征还有待进一步验证。结合俄罗斯近5年来在世界金刚石市场上的表现,简要分析了俄罗斯金刚石对国际市场的影响及金刚石产业发展的情况。有关信息对了解世界金刚石供求关系及国际金伯利进程框架下金刚石产地来源的研究有一定的参考价值。     

Komi reindeer herding: the effects of socialist and post-socialist change on mobility and land use

This paper contributes to the discussion concerning the way in which Soviet state policies have influenced the lives, social organization, economy and culture of a group of indigenous Komi reindeer herders of northern Russia: its main focus is to explain how these policies have changed the herders' patterns of migration and land use. Extensive anthropological fieldwork—to determine current and past herding practices—was carried out and archives were thoroughly investigated to document land use changes in relation to state reindeer herding policies. It was found that compared with those of several decades ago, the migration routes are now much shorter, as the herders have abandoned large areas of winter pastures located in the southernmost part of their herding territory. This "abandonment" phenomenon is endemic amongst reindeer herders generally, throughout the Komi Republic. Whereas the reasons for the abandonment of winter pastures are diverse, they can be attributed mostly to the state sedentarization policy, which has modified the family structures of herders, and the continuing decreases in state subsidies that have changed the balance between state and private ownership of reindeer. Both these factors have greatly contributed to the herders' dependence on visiting towns, where they now own flats, and on selling reindeer products, upon which they are increasingly reliant for financial security.     

“Sub-Triticites Beds” of the Donskaya Luka and lower boundary of the Kasimovian Stage

Micro- and macrofauna remains were studied from transitional deposits of Moscovian and Kasimovian Stages in the Donskaya Luka (Volgograd Region). The preliminary analysis of microfauna showed that “sub-Triticites Beds” of the Donskaya Luka contain fusulinid and conodont assemblages enabling correlation of the Middle and Upper Carboniferous deposits in the study region with the type sections of Moscow area and Donbass. Conodonts from the “sub-Triticites Beds” stratotype were studied for the first time. As is established, upper part of the Sukhov Fm. and the base of the Seleznev Fm. belong to the Protriticites pseudomontiparus-Obsoletes obsoletus Zone. Based on fusulinids, higher parts of the Seleznev Fm. belong to the Montiparus Zone of the Khamovnikian Substage, whereas conodonts suggest their correlation with lower part of the Khamovnikian Substage, i.e., with the Ratmirovo Fm. or a basal part of the Neverovo Fm. Middle part of the Seleznev Fm. is correlated to middle cycle of the Neverovo Fm. of the Khamovnikian Substage in Moscow area. The Middle-Upper Carboniferous boundary deposits of the Donskaya Luka are represented by deposits of extremely shallow-water settings and contain only sporadic microfauna. These sections cannot be considered as possible candidates for the GSSP of the Kasimovian Stage base.     

俄罗斯叶尔果茹多金属矿床构造控矿规律研究

俄罗斯下乌金斯金银铅锌多金属矿床为典型的受韧性剪切带控制的矿床。韧性剪切带的活动期次、变形强度及内部构造特征直接控制着矿体的分布规模和产出状态,并显示出从宏观到微观的控矿特征。研究韧性剪切带的发展历史对分析矿床成因及区域找矿具有非常重要的指导作用。     

东亚地缘政治格局演变对东北亚资源合作的影响研究（英文）

以美国实施亚太再平衡战略和中国推进丝绸之路经济带建设为背景,本研究总结了地缘政治、地缘经济、地缘战略的基本概念和相互之间的关系,并回顾了基本的地缘政治理论及其研究进展。继而在概括东亚地缘政治环境变化特点的基础上,论文总结了中蒙之间、中俄之间地缘政治关系发展趋势,认为美国亚太再平衡战略打破了亚太地缘力量平衡格局,中国利益受到来自日本、越南、菲律宾等国的强力挑战。随后,论文以东北亚能源市场为例探讨了地缘环境变化对区域资源市场的影响。其中,对中国而言,建设丝绸之路经济带是应对地缘环境危机的策略;与此同时,俄罗斯在受到西方制裁后将眼光投向亚洲,加之中俄之间具有很强的经济互补性,双方的资源合作水平有望进一步提高;蒙古国经济上对中国依赖很大,美国重返亚洲之后,蒙古国调整了自己的地缘战略,企图借美国力量制衡中俄在蒙古国的影响力,虽然中蒙之间的地缘政治关系总体上是向好发展,但美国的介入增加了中蒙资源合作的不确定性;因日韩为美国盟友,中俄与美国的地缘利益冲突将减少其在东北亚资源市场上的份额;对朝鲜来说,因其经济总量很小,对区域资源市场影响不大。     

俄罗斯农业的近今发展

农业是俄罗斯国民经济的重要基础产业,但其发展长期落后于世界其他农业大国。在上世纪90年代的俄罗斯经济危机中,农业生产全面下滑。新世纪以来,随着国家宏观经济环境的改善,俄罗斯农业出现了转机,相关农业指标呈现出可喜的增长势头。从宏观视角看,俄农业在国家经济中的地位仍然不高;但从微观角度看,由于土地私有化的推行,俄罗斯的农业生产组织已经发生了质的变化,农业部门结构和生产效率都有了明显的改善,同时农业生产的区域分布也更趋于专业化。俄罗斯农业未来的发展在很大程度上取决于改革的进一步深入及其对农业发展潜力的影响。