大气和植被生态及土壤系统水文过程相互作用的一些研究

利用我国测站的降水资料、卫星测得的OLR和高云量资料、SST和137°E次表层海温资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了东亚夏季风的爆发和北进的年际变化特征及其与热带西太平洋热状态的关系.分析结果表明:当春季热带西太平洋处于暖状态,菲律宾周围对流活动强,在这种情况下,南海上空对流层下层有气旋性距平环流,西太平洋副热带高压偏东,从而使得南海夏季风爆发早;并且,当夏季热带西太平洋也处于暖状态,菲律宾周围对流活动也很强,在这种情况下,西太平洋副热带高压北进时,在6月中旬和7月初存在明显的突跳,从而使得东亚季风雨带在6月中旬明显由华南北跳到江淮流域,并于7月初由江淮流域北跳到黄河流域、华北和东北地区.这将引起江淮流域和长江中、下游夏季风降水偏少,并往往发生干旱,而黄河流域、华北和东北地区的夏季降水正常或偏多.相反,当春季热带西太平洋处于冷状态,菲律宾周围对流活动弱,在这种情况下,南海上空对流层下层有反气旋性距平环流,西太平洋副热带高压偏西,从而使得南海夏季风爆发晚;并且,当夏季热带西太平洋也处于冷状态,菲律宾周围对流活动也很弱,在这种情况下,西太平洋副热带高压北进时,在6月中旬或7月初向北突跳并不明显,而是以渐进式向北移动,从而使得东亚季风雨带一直维持在长江流域和淮河流域.这将引起此两流域夏季风降水偏多,并往往发生洪涝,而黄河流域、华北和东北地区的夏季降水偏少,发生干旱.作者还从非线性多平衡态动力理论说明了菲律宾周围对流活动强弱对西太平洋副热带高压北进时以突跳或渐进式向北移动起到重要作用.     

金堆城钼矿石的物质组成及钼、铜、铅的赋存状态研究

金堆城钼业公司是我国重要的钼业基地,选矿产品质量与国外同类产品相比还有差距,存在质量不稳定的因素,如１９９７～１９９８年间,钼精矿中铜、铅杂质含量超标,影响了产品的销售;钼回收率较低,造成矿产资源的浪费。因此,开展钼矿石工艺矿物学研究,查明现采矿石的物质组成,钼、铜、铅的赋存状态、主要矿物的嵌布特征等工艺矿物学特征,对于进一步优化选矿流程和工艺条件,提高产品质量是十分必要的。１　样品的采集与制备取样点按１００×１００ｍ的网度在采场各平盘掌子面的交叉点上布置,沿掌子面的坡底线取样,每个样点采集化学…     

沉积波动过程分析在地层层序分析中的应用--以塔里木盆地为例

沉积波动过程是地壳波状运动的具体表现,它是各种天文因素、地质因素共同作用的结果,沉积波动过程的时空演化控制着地层层序的时空展布特点。在介绍沉积波动过程分析概念、技术思路、工作方法的基础上,利用沉积波动曲线在剖面上的预测功能及对沉积－剥蚀过程起止时间、不整合的研究成果,分析了塔里木盆地震旦系至第四系各主要构造层的地层展布特征,并对其形成过程及成因进行了分析,在理论和方法研究方面,试图将沉积波动特征的研究与层序地层学的研究结合起来,提出了地层格架－沉积波动特征连井对比图的概念和编制方法,该类图件能直观地反映多期不整合的存在及不整合间断的时间,并能直观地反映各层序的时空分布,而且能够解释地层格架的形成过程,进而进行成因分析,是沉积波动过程分析方法与层序地层学结合的一种具体、有益的偿试。     

RILL EROSION PROCESS ON STEEP SLOPE LAND OF THE LOESS PLATEAU

IntheLoessPlateau,alongtheslopelengthfromthetoptothebottom,soilerosionischaracterizedbyobviousverticalzonaldivision,thatis,sheeterosionzone,sheeterosionandrillerosionzone,rillerosionandshallowgullyerosionzoneandgullyerosionzone.Inthesheetandrillero..sionzone,rillerosionamounttakesup70%ofthetotalsoilloss[TANGKenetal.,1983,ZHENGFenlietal.,19871;intherillandshallowgullyerosionzone,rillerosionamountaccountsfor30--40%ofthetotalsoilloss.Sorillerosionisamajorerosionpatternonsteepslopeland.Riller…     

Influences of coupled wind–water processes on suspended sediment grain size: an example from tributaries of the Yellow River / Influences de processus couplés éoliens-hydriques sur la granulométrie des matières en suspension: exemple d'affluents du Fleuve Jaune

Abstract

Some unique coupled wind–water erosion processes exist in the desert-loess transitional zone in the middle Yellow River basin. Based on data from 40 stations on 29 rivers, a study was made on the influence of such processes on suspended sediment grain-size characteristics of the tributaries of the Yellow River. Results show that the percentage of >0.05-mm grain size decreases with the increased annual mean precipitation, but increases with the increase in the annual mean number of sand-dust storm days. The percentage of <0.01-mm grain size increases with the increase in the annual mean precipitation, but decreases with the increase in the annual number of sand-dust storm days. Based on annual mean data from 40 stations, multiple regression equations were established between the percentages of >0.05-mm grain size (r _>0.05) and <0.01-mm grain size (r _<0.01), annual mean precipitation (P _m) and annual mean number of sand-dust storm days (D _ss). On this basis, the relative contributions of the variations in D _ss and P _m to the variation in r _>0.05 and r _<0.01 were estimated. The results indicate that the variation in sand-dust storm frequency exerts greater influences on the variation in grain-size characteristics of suspended load than does the variation in annual mean precipitation. With the increase in the coupled wind–water processes index, expressed by P _m/D _ss, the percentage of >0.05-mm grain size in suspended sediment decreases and the percentage of <0.01-mm grain size increases. With the variation in P _m/D _ss, different combinations of r _>0.05 with r _<0.01 appear, which have some influence on the formation of hyperconcentrated flows. There exist some optimal ratios of coarse to fine fractions in suspended sediment that make sediment concentrations of hyperconcentrated flows the highest. The optimal r _>0.05/r _<0.01 value is related to some range of the index P _m/D _ss. When the P _m/D _ss index falls in this range, the optimum combination of relative coarse with fine sediments in the suspended load appears, and thus results in the peak values of sediment concentration.     

基于AHP的地质遗迹旅游资源评价:以汉中天坑群为例

汉中天坑群是在中国32°~33°N湿润热带—亚热带岩溶地貌区北界首次发现的岩溶地质遗迹。为了科学地评价汉中天坑群地质遗迹旅游资源,为下一步旅游规划与开发提供科学依据,本文从生态旅游资源条件、生态环境条件、生态旅游开发条件等3个方面选取资源景观价值、资源科学与文化价值、生态环境质量、环境安全条件、区位与交通条件和社会经济条件等作为主要评价指标,建立多层层次结构模型,运用层次分析法对其进行地质遗迹旅游资源综合评价,得出汉中天坑群地质遗迹旅游资源综合评价得分为90.67分。本文研究表明,汉中天坑群具有五级生态旅游资源的禀赋,具有较高的开发利用价值。      

提高模式分辨率后热带气旋生成迟缓的原因分析

利用目前国际上最先进的中尺度WRF模式模拟热带气旋生成,网格分辨率从9 km增加到3 km,3 km网格中积云参数化方案不起作用,依靠微物理方案来模拟对流尺度系统特征,模式中热带气旋的生成过程变得迟缓。当低压扰动发展到一定程度后再加入3 km网格,生成过程有加快趋势。本研究针对该现象进行分析。结果表明:只用微物理方案使低层(950～700 hPa)风速的垂直切变减小,不利于对流发展;切变减小主要是由于动量垂直输送项的差异所致。在加入细网格的6 h内,低层对流尺度(减去区域平均)的动量垂直输送量平均增加了一倍,某些时刻达到了5倍以上;动量混合增加是由于微物理方案模拟的垂直速度增加所致。此外,只用微物理方案导致对流有效位能迅速被消耗。低层垂直切变和对流有效位能的减小都不利于对流发展,从而导致热带气旋生成发展过程迟缓。本研究表明,目前WRF中的微物理方案在模拟热带气旋生成过程中的对流发展时仍然存在问题。     

扁铲探头贯入干砂的位移特征试验研究

扁铲侧胀试验（DMT）已在国内外岩土工程勘察、地基加固效果评价等领域中得到广泛应用。DMT的测试过程在扁铲探头贯入到测试位置后进行,因此探头的贯入过程对土体造成的扰动在一定程度上将直接影响测试结果。目前关于扁铲探头的贯入机理,以及贯入过程可能引起的土体扰动及其对测试结果的影响尚未研究清楚。通过室内模型试验手段,进行扁铲探头贯入不同初始密实状态下均质干砂的试验研究,分析了探头贯入过程中产生的土体位移场分布特征。试验结果表明：扁铲探头的楔形部和膜片所在的侧胀部贯入产生的挤压作用是引起土体变形扰动的主要原因;探头楔形部的贯入过程表现为向下和向斜侧面挤压土体,竖向位移量很小,产生向两侧扩展为主的扁状位移场,而探头侧胀部的贯入过程主要表现为向两侧面水平向挤压土体,产生半椭圆状水平位移场且分布范围明显更大,同时探头侧面表现为一定的剪切作用而产生较窄范围的竖向位移场。另外,扁铲探头贯入干砂产生的位移场受砂土初始密实状态的影响较小,主要表现为探头楔形部周围的位移场分布范围随密实度增大而扩大。     

Geomorphological study on a clastic accretionary prism: The Nankai Trough

Abstract The Nankai Trough, off southwest Japan, is one of the best sites for the study of geomorphic characteristics of a clastic accretionary prism. A recent multibeam survey over the central and eastern parts of the Nankai accretionary prism has revealed a large variation of the topography along the trough axis. Analysis of the bathymetric data suggests the existence of prism deformational features of different scales, such as depressions, embayment structures and cusps. These structures are the results of slope instability caused by basement relief of subducted oceanic plate. Unstable slopes recover by new accretion and development of a low angle thrust. Small-scale deformation due to the subduction of a small isolated seamount is then adjusted to the regional trend. By contrast, a 30 km indentation of the wedge observed in the eastern part of the Nankai Trough, the Tenryu Cusp, has seemed to retain its geometry. The subducted Philippine Sea plate has deformed greatly near the eastern end of the Nankai Trough, because of the collision between the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) arc and central Japan. Therefore, the indentation may be the result of the continuous subduction of a basement high, such as the Zenisu Ridge, which has been formed under north-south compression due to the arc-arc collision.