超高压变质带金刚石研究进展

金刚石在自然界中非常稀缺,是极其珍贵的矿产资源。其中,变质成因的金刚石陆续在世界范围内多个超高压变质带被发现,更新了人们对超高压变质作用和板块构造运动的认识,推动了超高压变质带动力学的研究,引起了学术界的广泛关注。然而,对于变质成因金刚石的形成机制,还未形成一致的认识。本文在综述前人研究成果的基础上,介绍了金刚石形成的大地构造背景,研究了其形成所需的地质环境和物理化学条件,并着重对超高压变质带金刚石成因机制进行了探讨,全面分析了温压条件、XCO2、fO2对变质成因金刚石形成的影响。对比发现,当变质作用的峰期压力达到金刚石稳定域且具有较高的温度时(压力>3 GPa,温度为600~1000℃),有利于金刚石的形成,C-O-H流体中的较高CO2含量和较低氧逸度也是超高压变质带金刚石形成的必需因素。另外,金刚石形成后折返早期的降温作用有利于其保存。     

橡胶砂弹性动力学参数的弯曲-伸缩元试验研究

橡胶砂作为一种廉价环保的土工材料,应用前景十分广阔,关于其力学特性的研究具有重要意义。采用弯曲–伸缩元法对橡胶砂进行了剪切波和压缩波联合测试,分别采用离散频率扫描法和初达波法确定了剪切波和压缩波的传播时间,进而得到其弹性动力学参数：初始剪切模量、侧限模量和泊松比,分析了橡胶含量和围压对橡胶砂弹性动力学参数的影响。结果表明：在同样围压下,随着橡胶含量的增加,橡胶砂初始剪切模量和侧限模量逐渐减小,初始泊松比逐渐增大;在同样橡胶含量下,随着围压的增大,橡胶砂初始剪切模量和侧限模量逐渐增大,初始泊松比逐渐减小。最后,在此基础上进行了两种因素耦合效应的分析以及相关力学机制的探讨。     

基于简化力学模型的隧道锚极限承载力估值公式

悬索桥隧道式锚碇的设计理念为锚碇夹持岩体协同承载,因而承载能力远超同体积的重力式锚碇。但因目前对围岩协同作用认识尚不充分,在当前隧道式锚碇设计中仍保守地忽略锚碇和岩体间的挤压效应。为弄清锚碇?岩体协同承载的机制,揭示隧道锚承载能力提高的本质,通过分析隧道式锚碇建设至成桥全过程受力,建立隧道锚的简化力学模型,并引用Mindlin应力解分析了荷载沿锚碇轴向的传递规律以及荷载产生的作用于锚碇?岩体间的挤压应力分布,最终给出了隧道式锚碇极限承载力的简化估算方法,并通过伍家岗大桥隧道锚工程实例分析了结果的合理性。所得结论主要有：锚碇?岩体界面力主要由锚碇自重和锚碇?岩体相互挤压产生;锚碇?岩体界面附加应力自后锚面向前锚面呈先增后减的变化趋势,在距后锚面约1/3L处达到应力峰值;以容许抗剪强度为破坏判据解得的伍家岗长江大桥隧道式锚碇的极限承载力为3 504 MN,约为16倍的设计荷载,与室内试验值基本吻合。     

土质滑坡格构锚杆抗滑机制及受力试验研究

通过滑坡防治格构锚固大型物理模型试验,分析了土质滑坡格构锚杆体系在坡顶荷载下的变形和位移,揭示了格构锚杆的抗滑机制,探讨了锚固力与坡体位移及锚杆变形的关系,提出了极限锚固力的计算方法。结果表明：滑坡滑动时,格构梁与坡体整体发生旋转滑移,锚杆在滑面处发生了弯曲变形,处于弯曲和轴向拉伸组合变形状态;格构锚杆的抗滑作用表现为锚杆在滑面处的抗剪抗滑和锚杆格构梁的挡土阻滑;格构锚杆的极限锚固力由初始预应力、锚杆弯曲变形引起锚拉力、坡体位移引起锚拉力三部分组成,可通过公式 计算。该研究结果可为格构锚固体系的优化设计提供一定的参考。     

基于“情景-应对”的矿井水灾事故应急决策机制

为解决矿井水灾事故应急快速反应、高效决策的现场需求,针对矿井水灾事故的不确定性、复杂性和紧迫性等特点,运用多案例分析法,解析了11起典型矿井水灾事故,提出了判别“情景”和事故“情景”两个关键概念,定义了集合{突水水源,突水通道,采掘方式,出水量,淹没范围,生存空间}为矿井水灾事故的情景,并运用AHP分析法计算了6个情景要素各自的权重。确立了“情景-应对”应用在矿井水灾应急决策领域的实现途径,详细阐述了构建情景库、案例库、对策库的方法以及“情景-应对”型矿井水灾应急决策方案的生成过程,并提出了以“黄金72小时” “8天8夜”为时间节点的多阶段矿井水灾事故应急决策机制,案例推演应用表明,该应急决策机制不仅规范了事故应急流程,而且实现了精准、快速、高效的目标。      

轨道尺度亚洲气候演化机理的数值模拟:历史与展望

轨道尺度亚洲气候演化是古气候热点问题之一,其变化过程和机理对理解当前全球变暖下亚洲气候变化具有重要参考意义。最近几十年,基于黄土、石笋、湖泊等载体的轨道尺度亚洲气候重建研究获得显著进展,气候演化历史的基本框架已被构建,不同区域和指标记录之间的差异暗示了气候演化机理的复杂性。数值模拟作为研究气候动力学的重要工具之一,在轨道尺度亚洲气候变化中也得到广泛应用和快速发展。基于此,本文尝试对最近十数年轨道尺度亚洲气候演化机理的数值模拟研究做一简单总结和梳理。目前的数值模拟尚未对地质记录给出的各种变化特征、区域差异等现象,尤其是东亚夏季风的黄土和石笋差异、季风和干旱气候的耦合关系等,给出合理解释。因此,在未来工作中亟须涵盖多轨道旋回的高分辨率瞬变试验,结合良好定年的重建记录,以期对轨道尺度亚洲气候变化机理获得更深入完整的认识。     

陕西靖边龙洲波浪式丹霞地貌成因机理初探

近期,通过对陕西靖边龙洲地区的丹霞地貌进行详细调查,查明了该地区丹霞地貌类型为丹霞正-负地貌的过渡类型——波浪式丹霞地貌。为了科学评价其价值和意义,本文主要从成景地层岩石特征、地质构造特征以及外动力因素等方面来初步探讨龙洲波浪式丹霞地貌的成因机理。研究表明:首先,研究区洛河组砂岩平行层理、大型风成交错层理对波浪式丹霞景观的形成具有很好的塑造作用;成景地层洛河组紫红色砂岩,为一套风成沙漠相沉积,岩石胶结程度较差,硬度低易碎,是波浪式丹霞地貌形成的物质基础;晚白垩世以来,鄂尔多斯盆地掀斜,区内地壳普遍隆起,表现为靖边龙洲地区发育多级古夷平面和河流阶地,对波浪式丹霞地貌的形成起基础性控制作用;该区洛河组砂岩中发育多组节理、裂隙构造,将洛河组砂岩切割成块状,其对波浪式丹霞地貌的形成和改造起着关键性控制作用;外动力因素上,靖边为半干旱内陆性季风气候,受西北风改造作用非常明显,是波浪式丹霞微地貌形成的主导外动力因素,此外,夏秋季的暴雨强烈冲刷侵蚀地表岩层,春秋季的寒潮霜冻,岩石发生冻融和崩落,对龙洲波浪式丹霞地貌的形成也有重要改造作用;靖边龙洲波浪式丹霞地貌除了受到地质构造和流水侵蚀的约束外,风力吹蚀对微地貌的改造非常明显,这是该地区丹霞地貌形成的主导外动力因素和特色所在;该地区波浪式丹霞地貌的发育阶段可分为两期。     

Application of Lithium Isotope Geochemistry to the Study of the Continental Geothermal System

The lithium-rich brine in salt lakes is the main raw material of the world’s lithium products, while the continental geothermal fluids with a high salinity often contain a high concentration of lithium. Continental geothermal system is the focus in the study of geothermal formation mechanism. However, less attention is paid to the system due to the complexity of lithology, and the application of lithium isotopes in this field has not been systematically recognized. The newest application and progress of lithium isotope geochemistry in continental geothermal research in recent years were discussed, the problems in this field were put forward, and future research methods and directions were expected. The study of continental geothermal fluids should attach great importance to the application of Li-B-Sr-U multi-isotopic method, and should also be combined with water-rock reaction experiments under different temperature conditions. Moreover, in the future, the research on continental geothermal system should pay more attention to the various sediment/rock lithium isotopic compositions and their spatio-temporal distribution characteristics in the regional or geothermal field’s scales, mineralogy of reservoir rock, and behaviors of lithium isotopes related to the formation of secondary minerals in the process of water-rock interaction, in order to reveal the complex process of fluid evolution in the geothermal system and provide scientific reference for the exploration, exploitation and utilization of lithium resources in the system.     

斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床成矿流体与找矿预测研究:以华南若干典型矿床为例

斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床是全球铜、钼、金、银的主要来源之一,具有重要经济价值。这两类矿床之间通常存在紧密的时空关系,对其成矿流体性质和演化的解剖不仅有利于探究金属沉淀机制,也有助于揭示两者之间的内在成因联系。本文在综述国内外重要研究前沿基础上,以中国华南富家坞斑岩型铜钼(金)矿、桐村斑岩钼矿,以及邱村和安村浅成低温热液金矿为例,系统总结了斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床流体特征、演化规律和金属沉淀机制、探讨了从斑岩型到浅成低温热液型流体演化的“气相迁移”模型,并以福建紫金山铜金矿床为例,介绍了应用流体填图进行找矿预测的实例。     

Cu–Mo Differential Mineralization Mechanism of the Dabate Polymetallic Deposit in Western Tianshan,NW China: Evidence from Geology,Fluid Inclusions,and Oxygen Isotope Systematics

Classic porphyry Cu–Mo deposits are mostly characterized by close temporal and spatial relationships between Cu and Mo mineralization. The northern Dabate Cu–Mo deposit is a newly discovered porphyry Cu–Mo polymetallic deposit in western Tianshan, northwest China. The Cu mineralization postdates the Mo mineralization and is located in shallower levels in the deposit, which is different from most classic porphyry Cu–Mo deposits. Detailed field investigations, together with microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy, and O‐isotope studies of fluid inclusions, were conducted to investigate the origin and evolution of ore‐forming fluids from the main Mo to main Cu stage of mineralization in the deposit. The results show that the ore‐forming fluids of the main Mo stage belonged to an NaCl + H₂O system of medium to high temperatures (280–310°C) and low salinities (2–4 wt% NaCl equivalent (eq.)), whereas that of the main Cu stage belonged to an F‐rich NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O system of medium to high temperatures (230–260°C) and medium to low salinities (4–10 wt% NaCl eq.). The δ¹⁸O values of the ore‐forming fluids decrease from 3.7–7.8‰ in the main Mo stage to ?7.5 to ?2.9‰ in the main Cu stage. These data indicate that the separation of Cu and Mo was closely related to a large‐scale vapor–brine separation of the early ore‐forming fluids, which produced the Mo‐bearing and Cu‐bearing fluids. Subsequently, the relatively reducing (CH₄‐rich) Mo‐bearing, ore‐forming fluids, dominantly of magmatic origin, caused mineralization in the rhyolite porphyry due to fluid boiling, whereas the relatively oxidizing (CO₂‐rich) Cu‐bearing, ore‐forming fluids mixed with meteoric water and precipitated chalcopyrite within the crushed zone at the contact between rhyolite porphyry and wall rock. We suggest that the separation of Cu and Mo in the deposit may be attributed to differences in the chemical properties of Cu and Mo, large‐scale vapor–brine separation of early ore‐forming fluids, and changes in oxygen fugacity.