1998年HUAMEX试验区的降水分析

利用1998年5－6月华南暴雨外场试验期间加密观测的降水资料，分析了试验区的降水特征，结果表明：广州试验区降水强于福建区；1小时雨量的变化，在时间上，呈现出强的脉冲特性，最大1小时雨量往往发生在依傍晚；在空间上，表现出明显的局地性；由GPS观测资料反演得到的在气可降水量（PWV）能较好地揭示暴雨发生的时段。     

中国近40年来雾的研究

自１９５８年以来，中国一直重视人工消雾试验和雾的物理学研究。文中总结了４０余年来中国在 人工消雾、雾的物理化学特性、雾生消物理过程研究等方面的成就，介绍了 雾与生态环境之间的紧密关系及雾数值模式研究的发展过程和取得的重要成果。 雾是贴地层空气中悬浮着大量水滴或冰晶微粒而使水平能见距离降到１　ｋｍ以内的天气现象 。它不仅对水陆空交通有不利影响，而且对工农业生产和人民身体健康也带来了严重危害。 纯净 雾水也有有利的一面，比如云南省南部的雾对生产高质量的茶叶及发展橡胶林十分有利。对 一些干旱地区还可“雾中取水”。近些年来发现，雾与生态环境关系密切，研究雾可为保护 生态环境提供科学依据。     

地球空间双星探测计划

地球空间双星探测计划包括两颗小卫星,将分别运行于目前国际上地球空间探测卫星尚未覆盖的近地赤道区和近地极区.双星计划的主要科学目标是用高分辨率的仪器在近地空间的主要活动区探测场和粒子的时空变化;研究磁层亚暴、磁暴和磁层粒子暴的触发机制及磁层空间暴对太阳活动和行星际扰动的响应过程;建立地球空间环境的动态模式.为了实现科学目标,赤道卫星和极区卫星上各载有9台探测仪器.赤道卫星的轨道是:近地点550km,远地点60000km,倾角约2.5°;极区卫星轨道是:近地点350km,远地点25000km,倾角约90°左右.为了使双星计划与欧空局ClusterⅡ相配合,赤道卫星计划于2002年12月发射,极区卫星计划于2003年6月发射.双星计划与ClusterⅡ相配合,可形成地球空间6点探测计划,这将成为21世纪初国际上重要的地球空间探测计划.     

三峡工程建成后枯水期运行的气候风险研究

通过蒙特卡罗试验, 探讨了三峡工程建成后枯水期运行风险的评估方法。以GCM模拟试验结果为未来气候情景, 随机模拟了三峡地区在该气候情景下枯水期月降水量分布; 建立了三峡地区月径流-降水模型和三峡水库调度模型; 初步分析了长江三峡工程建成后在当前气候背景和可能未来气候情景下的运行风险。结果表明, 三峡水库的运行对气候变化反应敏感, 春季和冬季的发电风险有明显改变。     

河南省飞机人工增雨试验方案设计

借鉴国内外已有的探测和分析研究成果，结合国内人工增雨飞机的性能，着重介绍在催化作业和探测时，开展等半径盘旋上升（或下降）垂直观测，和在特定高度上进行水平观测的方案设计及其资料收集、处理、存档的流程。为开展人工增雨作业、观测提供科学依据。     

随机-模糊处理方法在岩石力学指标统计及岩组划分中的应用

探讨了随机 模糊处理方法在岩石力学指标统计和岩组定量划分中的应用。文中对计算中的隶属函数取值及迭代方式进行了深入讨论。通过计算结果的比较分析, 认为随机 模糊处理方法更符合实际, 并优于其他方法。最后作者提出了岩组定性划分 岩石样本参数的随机 模糊统计分析 岩组定量划分及参数重新统计的分析程序。     

Material component to non-linear relation between sediment yield and drainage network development: an flume experimental study

This paper examines the experimental study on influence of material component to nonlinear relation between sediment yield and drainage network development completed in the Lab. The area of flume drainage system is 81.2 m2, the longitudinal gradient and cross section slope are from 0.0348 to 0.0775 and from 0.0115 to 0.038, respectively. Different model materials with a medium diameter of 0.021 mm, 0.076 mm and 0.066 mm cover three experiments each. An artificial rainfall equipment is a sprinkler-system composed of 7 downward nozzles, distributed by hexagon type and a given rainfall intensity is 35.56 mm/hr.cm2. Three experiments are designed by process-response principle at the beginning the Ψ shaped small network is dug in the flume. Running time spans are 720 m, 1440 minutes and 540 minutes for Runs I, IV and VI, respectively. Three experiments show that the sediment yield processes are characterized by delaying with a vibration. During network development the energy of a drainage system is dissipated by two ways, of which one is increasing the number of channels (rill and gully), and the other one is enlarging the channel length. The fractal dimension of a drainage network is exactly an index of energy dissipation of a drainage morphological system. Change of this index with time is an unsymmetrical concave curve. Comparison of three experiments explains that the vibration and the delaying ratio of sediment yield processes increase with material coarsening, while the number of channel decreases. The length of channel enlarges with material fining. There exists non-linear relationship between fractal dimension and sediment yield with an unsymmetrical hyperbolic curve. The absolute value of delaying ratio of the curve     

Lunar Laser Ranging: Glorious Past And A Bright Future

Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), a part of the NASA Apollo program, has beenon-going for more than 30 years. It provides the grist for a multi-disciplinarydata analysis mill. Results exist for solid Earth sciences, geodesy and geodynamics,solar system ephemerides, terrestrial and celestial reference frames, lunar physics,general relativity and gravitational theory. Combined with other data, it treatsprecession of the Earth's spin axis, lunar induced nutation, polar motion/Earthrotation, Earth orbit obliquity to the ecliptic, intersection of the celestial equatorwith the ecliptic, luni-solar solid body tides, lunar tidal deceleration, lunar physicaland free librations, structure of the moon and energy dissipation in the lunar interior.LLR provides input to lunar surface cartography and surveying, Earth station and lunar retroreflector location and motion, mass of the Earth-moon system, lunar and terrestrial gravity harmonics and Love numbers, relativistic geodesic precession, and the equivalence principle of general relativity. With the passive nature of the reflectors and steady improvement in observing equipment and data analysis, LLR continues to provide state-of-the-art results. Gains are steady as the data-base expands. After more than 30 years, LLR remains the only active Apollo experiment. It is important to recognize examples of efficient and cost effective progress of research. LLR is just such an example.     

煤岩及煤岩加不同介质的热模拟地球化学实验--气态和液态产物的产率以及演化特征

对塔里木盆地侏罗系煤岩以及煤岩加不同介质等 4个系列以 50℃为一温阶,从 250～550℃进行热模拟实验,并对其气体产物、液态有机质进行了系统分析。结果表明:煤岩成烃过程是一个综合作用的过程,它的生气、生油与外界环境如水,粘土矿物等的辅助作用有关。随着热模拟温度的升高,各产气率呈增长趋势。介质的加入可降低有机质成烃温度,有利于液态物的产出。     

Oxidation Experiment of Natural Megacrystal Clinopyroxene: Implications for Assignment of Mössbauer Spectra

The Mössbauer spectra of natural megacrystal clinopyroxene are usually fitted by 4 sets of symmetric doublets, A‐A', B‐B', C‐C' and D‐D', respectively, in terms of increasing Qs value in literature. But the assignments of those doublets are quite different, except the D‐D' doublet assigned to Fe³⁺at the lattice site M***1 in previous papers. Particularly, the assignment and interpretation of the C‐C' doublet are diverse. The oxidation experiments of natural megacrystal clinopyroxene collected from the Hannuoba basalt, North China, were performed under controlled conditions of temperature at 1000°C and oxygen fugacity of FMQ buffer in 1, 2, ***3 and 5 days respectively. The oxidized samples were then measured by X‐ray diffraction spectrometry and Mössbauer spectrometry. The oxidation of clinopyroxene is characterized by Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺at M1 under the subsolidus conditions, which is consistent with the increase of the area of the D‐D' doublet when the heating time increases. Accordingly, the area of the A‐A' and B‐B' doublets decreases with the increasing heating time. However, the area of C‐C' keeps almost constant. Therefore, the 4 sets of doublets can be assigned correctly as follows: A‐A' doublet to Fe⁺²at M1, B‐B' Fe²⁺at M1, C‐C' Fe²⁺at M2, and D‐D' Fe³⁺at M1. The M1 site splitting is due to the NNN (Next Nearest Neighbour) effect of the M2 site. The amount of Fe³⁺at the tetrohedral site of megacrystal clinopyroxene is negligible according to this study.