香格里拉县松诺斑岩体与普朗斑岩体特征对比

松诺斑岩体位于云南省香格里拉县境内,其与南部的普朗超大型斑岩铜矿距离十分靠近.随着近年来普朗铜矿外围找矿工作的展开,松诺地区显示出良好的找矿前景.本文重点就松诺斑岩体的地球化学特征,与普朗斑岩体的地球化学特征进行了对比讨论,以揭示它们之间的同源关系.     

郑州市城区深部基岩层热储特征分析

通过对郑州市城区深部基岩层热储的岩性、构造、热源及盖层条件分析研究,总结了该区热储特征,并首次提出了断裂循环型带状热储构造网络体系的构思,这对该区今后深部基岩层热储的研究具有一定的参考意义。     

Effects of fracture intersections on seismic dispersion: theoretical predictions versus numerical simulations

The detection and characterisation of domains of intersecting fractures are important goals in several disciplines of current interest, including exploration and production of unconventional reservoirs, nuclear waste storage, CO₂ sequestration, and groundwater hydrology, among others. The objective of this study is to propose a theoretical framework for quantifying the effects of fracture intersections on the frequency‐dependent elastic properties of fluid‐saturated porous and fractured rocks. Three characteristic frequency regimes for fluid pressure communication are identified. In the low‐frequency limit, fractures are in full pressure communication with the embedding porous matrix and with other fractures. Conversely, in the high‐frequency limit, fractures are hydraulically isolated from the matrix and from other fractures. At intermediate frequencies, fractures are hydraulically isolated from the matrix porosity but can be in hydraulic communication with each other, depending on whether fracture sets are intersecting. For each frequency regime, the effective stiffness coefficients are derived using the linear‐slip theory and anisotropic Gassmann equations. Explicit mathematical expressions for the two characteristic frequencies that separate the three frequency regimes are also determined. Theoretical predictions are then applied to two synthetic 2D samples, each containing two orthogonal fracture sets: one with and another without intersections. The resulting stiffness coefficients, Thomsen‐style anisotropy parameters, and the transition frequencies show good agreement with corresponding numerical simulations. The theoretical results are applicable not only to 2D but also to 3D fracture systems and are amenable to being employed in inversion schemes designed to characterise fracture systems.     

X-ray CT and hydraulic evidence for a relationship between fracture conductivity and adjacent matrix porosity

Multi-phase flow in fractured rocks plays an important role in any hydrocarbon recovery process, be it for environmental remediation or natural oil and gas extraction. Fractures may form the primary production conduits, and the mass transport at the fracture interfaces with the matrix determines the effectiveness of extraction processes. This paper presents specific evidence for a relationship between fracture apertures and the porosity of the adjoining perpendicular layers in Berea sandstone samples. Measurements of fracture apertures were done with high-resolution Micro-Computed Tomography (MCT) with a voxel resolution of about 0.05 mm in three dimensions. Multi-phase fluid flow experiments were done using a medical CT scanner with a voxel resolution of about 1.00 × 0.25 × 0.25 mm. MCT evidence shows a correlation between aperture and the porosity of the intersected layers. The comparison was made by generating two-dimensional maps of matrix porosity and CT values adjacent to the fracture and of the corresponding fracture apertures. High-porosity layers are lined up with large fracture apertures. Multi-phase fluid experiments provided hydraulic evidence that the high-porosity layers have high permeability. Oil injection into a water-saturated sample was tracked by a sequence of transverse scans near the downstream tip of a fracture. The hydraulic evidence from the two-phase flow experiments also confirms high permeability in fracture strips adjacent to high-porosity and high-permeability layers. The reasons for the relationship between fracture aperture and the properties of the adjacent layers are not fully understood. Some explanation for the physical and hydraulic observations rests in the method of fracturing, fracture propagation, and the lithological characteristics of the rock.     

华北板块南缘伏牛山花岗岩锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年、Lu-Hf同位素特征及岩石成因

伏牛山花岗岩体出露于华北板块南缘,南召县城以北,面积超过4200km~2。岩体的岩石组合为花岗岩+花岗闪长岩+石英闪长岩,具有I型花岗岩的特征。花岗岩锆石的LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年得到145.4±1.0Ma和118.5±0.6Ma,说明岩体形成于燕山期,并经历了至少两期岩浆活动。锆石Hf同位素分析表明,第一期花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)平均值为-16.53,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))平均为2216Ma,表明其源岩以壳源物质为主;第二期花岗岩的源岩分为两个部分,一部分花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)平均值为-13.67,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))平均为2044Ma,表明其源岩以壳源物质为主,另一部分花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)平均值为1.61,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))平均为1073Ma,表明其源岩以新生地壳为主。根据研究结果及区域地质构造分析,认为第一期岩浆作用是由于太平洋板块俯冲导致秦岭造山带断裂构造再活动,发生部分熔融形成小规模的岩浆作用;而第二期岩浆作用是由于太平洋板块俯冲导致岩石圈拆沉,使地幔软流圈的物质上升,形成巨大的热场,引起大陆地壳大规模的部分熔融形成花岗岩浆。最终形成的花岗岩浆沿着华北板块与扬子板块之间的断裂上侵至地壳浅处,形成了伏牛山复式岩体。     

Lobster trap impact on coral reefs: Effects of wind‐driven trap movement

Commercial fishers report finding their lobster traps often great distances from their original location following major hurricanes. But traps also move during lesser wind events, such as during winter cold fronts. To assess trap impact on coral communities following winter storms, lobster traps were placed in hardbottom and reef habitats commonly used by commercial fishers in the Florida Keys, United States. Trap movement, percentage benthic faunal cover, and benthic faunal damage were assessed after 26 wind events occuring over three winters. Traps moved when storms with sustained winds greater than 15 knots (27.8 km/h) persisted for more than 2 days. Winter storms above this threshold moved buoyed traps a mean (±SE) distance of 3.63 ± 0.62 m, 3.21 ± 0.36 m, and 0.73 ± 0.15 m per trap and affected a mean area of 4.66 ± 0.76 m², 2.88 ± 0.29 m², and 1.06 ± 0.17 m², per trap at 4‐m, 8‐m, and 12‐m depths, respectively. Unbuoyed traps, simulating derelict traps, moved a mean distance of 0.43 ± 0.08 m and 0.44 ± 0.02 m, and affected a mean area of 0.77 ± 0.06 m² and 0.90 ± 0.08 m² per trap at 4‐m and 8‐m depths, respectively. Injuries caused by trap movement included scraped, fragmented, and dislodged sessile fauna, resulting in significant damage to stony coral, octocoral, and sponges. Overall, sessile fauna cover along the trap movement path was reduced from 45% to 31%, 51% to 41%, and 41% to 35% at the 4‐m, 8‐m, and 12‐m sites, respectively. Because of the large numbers of traps deployed and reported lost each season, damage to sessile fauna and loss of benthic faunal cover caused by traps needs to be considered to effectively protect coral reefs and manage essential fishery habitat in the future.     

川北地区岩石反射谱波特征

四川北部地区既有岩浆岩、变质岩构成的前震旦系结晶变质基底,又有震旦纪以后的沉积盖层,岩石类型十分齐全。本文根据该区的120件岩(矿)石样品反射波谱测试结果,绘制了区内主要岩石类型典型波谱曲线,并对这些波谱曲线进行了初步分析,总结了主要岩石类型的波谱特征,这些岩石波谱特征在西南地区有一定的代表性。     

Numerical simulations of very large impacts on the Earth

Vertical impacts on the Earth of asteroids 500-3000 km in diameter at 15 km/s have been numerically modelled using the hydrodynamic SOVA code. This code has been modified for the spherical system of coordinates well suited for simulations of very large impacts when the entire Earth is involved in motion. The simulations include cratering process, upward motion of deep mantle layers, fall of ejecta on the Earth, escape of matter to space, and formation of rock vapour atmospheres. The calculations were made for the period preceding disappearance of rock vapour atmospheres caused by radiation several years after the largest impacts. For very large vertical impacts at 15 km/s, escaping masses proved to be negligibly small. Quantities of kinetic, internal, potential, and radiated away energies are obtained as functions of time and space. After the impacts, a global layer of condensed ejecta covers the whole of the Earth's surface and the ejecta energy is sufficient to vaporise an ocean 3 km deep. The mass of rock vapour atmosphere is 10-23% of the impactor mass. This atmosphere has a greater mass than the water atmosphere if impactor is 2000 km in diameter or larger.     

Rapid assessment of beta dose variation inside cobbles,and implications for rock luminescence dating

Variation in beta dose rate within rocks may impact the results of rock surface luminescence dating, for both the burial age of cobbles and exposure age of rock surfaces. Current methods of rock surface luminescence dating assume that radionuclides are homogeneously distributed inside rocks. In this study, two rapid methods based on beta counting and on a portable XRF instrument were developed to measure the radioactivity of rock slices. These methods were applied to rock slices from four glaciofluvial granite cobbles that had previously been used for equivalent dose determination to test whether beta dose variation could be observed. Results from beta counting and K content from XRF show similar patterns and both vary along the depth profiles, but the magnitude of this variability is very different amongst the four cobbles. In rocks where the dose rate is highly variable, bleaching may not be the only source of variation of L_n/T_n or equivalent dose (D_e) along the luminescence-depth profile of cobbles, and it may be necessary to measure the beta dose rate for every single slice to determine whether multiple bleaching events are recorded or variations in D_e are due to dose rate heterogeneity.