大型地下水封石油洞库施工过程力学特性研究

施工过程对地下工程岩土力学性质具有重要影响。以国内首个在建的大型地下水封石油储库为背景,运用流-固耦合理论,研究了不同排水条件下大型地下水封石油洞库的施工过程力学特征。研究表明排水条件和开挖顺序对洞库渗流场和稳定性具有重要影响。排水条件下洞库围岩孔隙水压力小于不排水条件下,而同在排水条件下不同开挖顺序洞库孔隙水压力时空分布和涌水量也不相同。排水条件下洞壁围岩松动区范围远小于不排水条件下范围,但两种条件下应力场时空分布规律均与开挖顺序密切相关。排水条件下洞库围岩水平收敛小于拱顶沉降,而不排水条件下洞库围岩水平收敛大于拱顶沉降。在相同排水条件下围岩变形与开挖顺序有关。研究成果不但可以为大型地下水封石油洞库建设提供依据,还可丰富施工过程力学理论内涵。     

地铁联络通道冻结施工的热流固(THM)耦合分析

随着城市地铁规模的不断发展, 冻结法在地铁联络通道施工中得到了广泛应用.为了得到合适的地层冻结工艺参数和指标, 了解开挖隧道对地层稳定性的影响, 保证工程的安全性, 基于考虑相变及冻胀的热-流-固(THM)耦合理论, 采用COMSOL有限元分析软件模拟某地铁联络通道水平人工冻结及开挖施工过程.分析了冻结过程中地层温度场、渗流场及位移场的变化规律, 研究了开挖后地层位移场的分布规律.结果表明: 由于水渗流作用, 温度场和位移场的分布不再关于y轴对称;在人工冻结过程中, 地表处冻胀位移的最大值出现在y轴以右, 冻胀量变化表现为先线性增长, 而后趋于稳定.总体上, 实施人工冻结可以很好地增加周围土体的强度及稳定性, 对止水和抑制地层变形具有良好的效果.     

利用声发射和波速变化判定岩石损伤状态

对岩石受单轴压缩损伤过程中的声发射和超声波波速进行了同步测量,对比分析了声发射和波速随损伤过程的变化规律。研究表明,岩石损伤过程可分成几个阶段,不同阶段声发射和声波波速变化呈现不同特征;利用超声波波速的相对变化能够稳定可靠地鉴别岩石的"加载强化"与"加载弱化";声发射b值对裂隙的非稳定扩展更加敏感,可以作为岩石失稳预警参数;岩石声发射和波速都对损伤具有记忆性,重复加载下的声发射和超声波波速变化可提供更丰富的岩石损伤状态信息。     

条石鲷( Oplegnathus fasciatus) 心脏早期发育的组织学观察

应用石蜡切片技术和显微测量法,对条石鲷心脏的早期发生、分化和形成过程进行了连续观察。结果表明,在水温(24±1.0)℃的条件下,心脏原基在受精后13h30min出现于中部脑的腹面,其外部由卵黄多核层包围,内部则为扁平细胞所填充;受精后20h30min,心脏开始搏动,可见血细胞;初孵仔鱼心脏呈直管状,位于体腔前端;2日龄(daysafterhatching,DAH),心脏分化成静脉窦、心耳(心房)、心室和动脉球四个部分;3日龄,耳室瓣和半月瓣形成;6日龄,窦耳瓣和心小室形成;12日龄,心脏内血细胞的数量急剧增加,血流量显著加大;27日龄,心耳内形成小梁结构,心脏发育完善。     

Communicating climate change: Climate change risk perceptions and rock lobster fishers, Tasmania

World fisheries, already vulnerable, are under increasing pressure from the impacts of climate change. Using the Tasmanian rock lobster industry as a case study, we considered the efficacy of risk perception as a tool to inform how to communicate the science of climate change and suggestions for management in relation to development of adaptation strategies for fisheries. Fishers surveyed in this study operate in a fishery that is expected to undergo large changes as a consequence of climate change. Fishers also reported observations of similar large changes in the marine environment and lobster fishery consistent with climate change; yet most fishers surveyed expressed doubts about whether climate change was a real process. The important point for adaption of the industry to climate change is that fisher perceptions of risk tended to create barriers to acceptance of climate change as an issue. This means that there is a barrier to communication and awareness about climate change and thus a barrier to future action on the issue. Improving acceptance of climate change and thus ability to adapt will require the development of communications that are culturally appropriate and palatable to fishers. We argue that the application of social learning principles in communications about climate change may be one constructive way forward.     

近几十年来珠江三角洲网河水位时空变化及原因初探

根据珠江三角洲网河区25站的验潮序列,应用功率谱分析和正、反傅氏变换方法对网河区月均水位序列的周期变化和趋势变化进行研究,探讨大规模人类采砂活动对珠江三角洲网河区近几十年来水位变化的影响。结果表明:水位序列中包含0.2~11.7 a多尺度的显著周期波动;应用正、反傅氏变换方法消除月均序列中的短周期波动(消除6 a以短的周期),由低通序列进行一元线性回归分析确定水位变化率,变化率从－3.8到3.7 mm/a不等,珠江三角洲网河区水位总体呈上升趋势。从网河区上段到下段再到口门,水位变化趋势由下降转为上升;变化率由负转正,并逐渐增大。网河区上段部分验潮站水位下降主要与西北江网河上段大规模无序采砂引起的河床大幅人为下切有关;大规模采砂导致局部水位下降,使不同时段的水位变化率发生波动,甚至造成部分验潮站的水位变化由缓慢上升转为大幅下降的"逆变"。     

Initiation conditions for debris flows generated by runoff at Chalk Cliffs, central Colorado

We have monitored initiation conditions for six debris flows between May 2004 and July 2006 in a 0.3 km² drainage basin at Chalk Cliffs; a band of hydrothermally-altered quartz monzonite in central Colorado. Debris flows were initiated by water runoff from colluvium and bedrock that entrained sediment from rills and channels with slopes ranging from about 14° to 45°. The availability of channel material is essentially unlimited because of thick channel fill and refilling following debris flows by rock fall and dry ravel processes. Rainfall exceeding I = 6.61(D)^− 0.77, where I is rainfall intensity (mm/h), and D is duration (h), was required for the initiation of debris flows in the drainage basin. The approximate minimum runoff discharge from the surface of bedrock required to initiate debris flows in the channels was 0.15 m³/s. Colluvium in the basin was unsaturated immediately prior to (antecedent) and during debris flows. Antecedent, volumetric moisture levels in colluvium at depths of 1 cm and 29 cm ranged from 4–9%, and 4–7%, respectively. During debris flows, peak moisture levels in colluvium at depths of 1 cm and 29 cm ranged from 10–20%, and 4–12%, respectively. Channel sediment at a depth of 45 cm was unsaturated before and during debris flows; antecedent moisture ranged from 20–22%, and peak moisture ranged from 24–38%. Although we have no measurements from shallow rill or channel sediment, we infer that it was unsaturated before debris flows, and saturated by surface-water runoff during debris flows.Our results allow us to make the following general statements with regard to debris flows generated by runoff in semi-arid to arid mountainous regions: 1) high antecedent moisture levels in hillslope and channel sediment are not required for the initiation of debris flows by runoff, 2) locations of entrainment of sediment by successive runoff events can vary within a basin as a function of variations in the thickness of existing channel fill and the rate of replenishment of channel fill by rock fall and dry ravel processes following debris flows, and 3) rainfall and simulated surface-water discharge thresholds can be useful in understanding and predicting debris flows generated by runoff and sediment entrainment.     

Acoustic emissions associated with the formation of fracture sets in sandstone under polyaxial stress conditions‡

A polyaxial (true‐triaxial) stress‐loading system, developed originally for determining all nine components of P‐ and S‐wave velocities and attenuation and fluid permeability for 50.8 mm‐side cubic rock specimens tested to failure, has been modified to permit the measurement of acoustic emission events associated with the failure process. Results are reported for Crosland Hill sandstone tested to failure under loading conditions leading to the formation of sets of aligned microcracks, achieved by maintaining the minor principal stress at a low value while increasing the two other principal stresses until failure of the rock. An ultrasonic survey associated with the test has been employed to map the transversely‐isotropic velocity structure created by through‐going parallel fractures resulting from the sets of aligned microcracks. This velocity structure has then been employed to locate acoustic emission events recorded during the test by four acoustic emission sensors located in each of the six specimen loading platens. A selection of acoustic emission events associated with one of the fractures has been processed for moment tensor analysis information, in order to determine the source type and orientation of microcracking as the fracture grows. The mechanisms indicate tensile behaviour during initial fracture propagation. Shear failure, however, appears to dominate as the fracture finally approaches the opposite face of the cubic specimen. The work presented here has, in part, led to the development of new rock testing systems and geophysical monitoring and processing technologies that will enable laboratory study of rock behaviour under conditions better resembling those experienced in situ.     

弹塑性变形条件下围岩-支护相互作用全过程解析

围岩-支护作用机制是正确认识支护结构对围岩进行有效支护作用的基础理论问题。根据开挖面的空间效应及Hoek拟合方程计算了某工程实例的巷道顶板径向位移沿巷道纵向剖面方向分布的曲线,建立了围岩-支护耦合作用的力学模型,进而建立了描述巷道顶板径向位移与力学模型中的虚拟支护力的关系的数学模型。通过对数学、力学模型的解析与分析,研究了围岩-支护在其相互作用的全过程中的相互作用路径。在此基础上,对弹塑性变形阶段围岩-支护的相互作用原理给出了最新的认识。应用该研究成果,对某工程实例进行了支护作用效果的计算与分析研究。本文的研究成果实现了对围岩-支护耦合作用的全过程解耦,可以对围岩-支护的相互作用进行实时地预测或再现。