黄河中游岩土侵蚀问题及防治对策探讨

黄河中游出露地层岩性主要有古生界奥陶系碳酸盐岩、石炭系和二叠系碎屑岩;中生界三叠系砂泥岩、侏罗系砂泥岩和白垩系砂泥岩;新生界古近系砂泥岩、新近系(原为第三系)红土及第四系风积黄土和现代风积沙。第四系黄土厚度大,结构松散,遇水易解体,具湿陷性,是黄河中游粗泥砂的主要物源;第四系风积沙分布于黄河中游北部,亦是黄河中游粗泥砂的主要物源。岩土侵蚀类型有五:一是风力侵蚀—风沙侵蚀;二是降雨对谷坡面的面状冲刷—坡面侵蚀;三是地表径流对谷底的侧蚀—沟谷侵蚀;四是滑塌对谷坡坡体的破坏—重力侵蚀;五是潜蚀。并对不同侵蚀类型提出了不同的防治对策。     

近50a来塔里木河干流年径流量变化趋势及预测

根据塔里木河干流1957-2008年的年径流量监测数据,利用Mann-Kendall非参数技术检验和R/S法,对干流年径流量时间序列变化趋势进行分析,并在此基础上采用滑动t检验法和Mann-Kendall法对其突变点进行检验,最后运用方差分析外推法和叠加趋势预测模型对干流水文周期和未来径流量变化进行分析和预测.结果显示...     

渭河宝鸡市区段河床沉积物磁性特征分析

利用环境磁学的方法可以有效地示踪河流沉积物的物源,对渭河宝鸡市区段干流及其支流河床沉积物全面系统的磁学特征分析表明：渭河干流和支流沉积物的磁性矿物含量总体相对较高,磁性矿物类型主要以亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿为主,同时存在不完全反铁磁性矿物赤铁矿,磁晶粒以PSD（假单畴）和MD（多畴）颗粒为主。渭河干流沉积物的磁性特征在空间上表现出了一定的差异,根据χ_ARM/χ（非磁滞剩磁磁化率/磁化率）值的变化规律将渭河宝鸡市区段沉积物的来源分成了两段,第一段从宝鸡峡到神龙大桥,沉积物χ_ARM/χ 值逐渐减小,磁性颗粒逐渐变粗;第二段从神龙大桥到千河入渭口,沉积物χ_ARM/χ 值逐渐增大,沉积物的颗粒呈现出由粗变细的特征,指示了渭河宝鸡市区段河流沉积物存在一定的物源差异,渭河宝鸡市区段干流沉积物的物质来源主要以上游携带为主导,从神龙大桥向下游,支流对河床沉积物具有一定的贡献,北岸比南岸流域贡献的物质相对较多。     

Curious Indeed,or Curious in Deed? Some peculiarities of post-settlement relations with an antipodean river

Prominent in many historical accounts of European first contact with Australian nature are stories of encounters between European curiosity and curious Australian biota, such as the platypus and the eucalyptus. In this paper, I argue that post-settlement relations with the Goulburn River, one of the largest rivers in south-east Australia, likewise attest to the centrality of curiosity in early European engagements with Australian landscape. In mapping several relational ontologies of the Goulburn River, I attend to the socio-material practices in which this river has been performed as different and as normal. My interest is in a specific form of difference, that of antipodean difference: the river as topsy-turvy, backwards, unusual, or inverted in relation to some presumed norm, whether that norm be rooted in memories and experiences of European rivers or imaginings of an original state of nature. This is a story of how an extraordinary river became ordinary, and of how we might understand antipodean difference as curious in deed (i.e. as performed), rather than as curious indeed (i.e. as an innate quality of Australian nature).     

Test of Hack's slope to bed material relationship in the Southern Eifel Uplands,Germany

The local reach gradient of small gravel bed rivers (drainage area 0-8-110 km²) in the Eifel, West Germany, is adjusted to transport the river bed sediments. Transport of gravel becomes possible under high flow conditions (Shields entrainment factor ≈-03). Mean bed material size for riffle sections increases with distance downstream. For small drainage areas channel slope is a negative exponential function of drainage area, while for the larger region the additional influence of bedload size has to be considered. Good agreement with Hack's data (1957) for Virginia and Maryland, U.S.A., is achieved (S = 0.0066 (D₅₀/A)^{- 40.}, r = 0.67).     

Traffic accessibility and the coupling degree of ecosystem services supply and demand in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The spatial relationships between traffic accessibility and supply and demand (S&D) of ecosystem services (ESs) are essential for the formulation of...     

汉江上游郧县段黄土古土壤序列风化成壤特征以及成壤环境演变

对汉江上游进行野外实地详细调查,在湖北省郧县尚家河台地前沿发现了典型的全新世黄土-古土壤沉积剖面,通过粒度、磁化率、吸湿水和烧失量分析表明,黏粒、细粉砂、磁化率、吸湿水和烧失量在古土壤层S₀出现高值,在L₁、L_t、L₀为低值;而粗粉砂、细砂粒和粗砂粒在S₀为低值,在L₁、L_t、L₀为高值。这些指标的变化说明了全新世以来的气候和成壤环境的变化特征,即在古土壤S₀形成时期,气候温暖湿润,成壤作用非常强烈;黄土堆积时期气候相对干旱,成壤作用较弱。     

Spatial variation and driving mechanism of soil organic carbon components in the alluvial/sedimentary zone of the Yellow River

Alluviation and sedimentation of the Yellow River are important factors influencing the surface soil structure and organic carbon content in its lower reaches. Selecting Kaifeng and Zhoukou as typical cases of the Yellow River flooding area, the field survey, soil sample collection, laboratory experiment and Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis methods were applied to study the spatial distribution characteristics and change mechanism of organic carbon components at different soil depths. The results revealed that the soil total organic carbon(TOC), active organic carbon(AOC) and nonactive organic carbon(NOC) contents ranged from 0.05–30.03 g/kg, 0.01–8.86 g/kg and 0.02–23.36 g/kg, respectively. The TOC, AOC and NOC contents in the surface soil layer were obviously higher than those in the lower soil layer, and the sequence of the content and change range within a single layer was TOCNOCAOC. Geostatistical analysis indicated that the TOC, AOC and NOC contents were commonly influenced by structural and random factors, and the influence magnitudes of these two factors were similar. The overall spatial trends of TOC, AOC and NOC remained relatively consistent from the 0–20 cm layer to the 20–100 cm layer, and the transition between high-and low-value areas was obvious, while the spatial variance was high. The AOC and NOC contents and spatial distribution better reflected TOC spatial variation and carbon accumulation areas. The distribution and depth of the sediment, agricultural land-use type, cropping system, fertilization method, tillage process and cultivation history were the main factors impacting the spatial variation in the soil organic carbon(SOC) components. Therefore, increasing the organic matter content, straw return, applying organic manure, adding exogenous particulate matter and conservation tillage are effective measures to improve the soil quality and attain sustainable agricultural development in the alluvial/sedimentary zone of the Yellow River.     

辽河三角洲湿地生物多样性功能评价

在辽河三角洲湿地生物多样性调查的基础上,对辽河三角洲生物多样性进行评价,主要包括物种多样性和生态系统多样性。按照生物多样性评价标准,辽河三角洲湿地生物多样性处于一般水平,需要加大湿地生物多样性的保护力度。