THE MEASUREMENT ON VISCOSITY Q VALUE USINGP-WAVE OF LOCAL EARTHQUAKESIN WESTERN YUNNAN PROVINCE 滇西地区近震(?)波的粘性 Q_α值测定

本文使用云南滇西地区、红河断裂带北段1984——1985年由PDR-2数字事件记录仪记录到的84张地震记录图,按文献〔4〕中所述的理论和方法,用直达(?)波资料计算了该区的分区粘性多Q_α值,初步结论是:整个场区内介质粘弹性可用非线性体去近似模拟。Q_α值分布情况为:由云龙、洱源、漾濞三点所成的三角区内,其值约为50±30左右较低,而沿弥渡向北,经下关至剑川所示的整个断裂带上所测Q_α值较高,约在160±30左右。反映了明显的构造差异性。     

The fractal geometry of flow paths in natural fractures in rock and the approach to percolation

The distributions of contact areas in single, natural fractures in quartz monzonite (Stripa granite) are found to have fractal dimensions which decrease fromD=2.00 to values nearD=1.96 as stress normal to the fractures is increased from 3 MPa up to 85 MPa. The effect of stress on fluid flow is studied in the same samples. Fluid transport through a fracture depends on two properties of the fracture void space geometry. the void aperture; and the tortuosity of the flow paths, determined through the distribution of contact area. Each of these quantities change under stress and contribute to changes observed in the flow rate. A general flow law is presented which separates these different effects. The effects of tortuosity on flow are largely governed by the proximity of the flow path distribution to a percolation threshold. A fractal model of correlated continuum percolation is presented which quantitatively reproduces the flow path geometries. The fractal dimension in this model is fit to the measured fractal dimensions of the flow systems to determine how far the flow systems are above the percolation threshold.     

An approach to mass movements in the Jiuzhaigou catchment

This paper presents a preliminary study of the main types, features, genesis, and countermeasures of mass movements in the Jiuzhaigou catchment, which is one of the most scenic regions in China. The main features are debris flows, rock-segment flows, landslides, and avalanches. Rough relief, fractured rocks, drifts, steep slopes, intensive rainstorms, and earthquakes produced their geneses. Countermeasures should include the integration of engineering and biological projects.     

Interpolation by regularized spline with tension: II. Application to terrain modeling and surface geometry analysis

A general approach to the computation of basic topographic parameters independent of the spatial distribution of given elevation data is developed. The approach is based on an interpolation function with regular first and second order derivatives and on application of basic principles of differential geometry. General equations for computation of profile, plan, and tangential curvatures are derived. A new algorithm for construction of slope curves is developed using a combined grid and vector approach. Resulting slope curves better fulfill the condition of orthogonality to contours than standard grid algorithms. Presented methods are applied to topographic analysis of a watershed in central Illinois.     

Frictional heat generation and seismic radiation in a foam rubber model of earthquakes

Results from a study of stick-slip particle motion at the interface between two stressed foam rubber blocks indicate that normal vibrations and interface separation are an important part of the stick-slip process in foam rubber. The dimension of the dynamic slip pulse is small compared to the dimension of the model (approximately 10 cm vs. 200 cm) consistent with the abrupt-locking slip pulse model ofBrune (1970, 1976), andHeaton (1990). A comparison of frictional heat generation between stable-sliding and stick-slip foam rubber models indicates a linear relation between the temperature increase on the fault surface (for a given distance of slip) and the driving shear force for the stable-sliding model, while for the stick-slip model there is essentially no variation in frictional heat generation with an increase in shear stress. We performed experiments to investigate the ratio of normal motion to shear motion at different levels of normal stress in the stick-slip foam rubber model. Preliminary result indicate that the normal component of the particle motion increases more rapidly with increasing normal stress than the shear component. The phenomenon of interface separation and normal vibrations may thus explain some of the most frustrating problems in earthquake mechanics, e.g., the heat flow paradox, the long-term weakness of major active faults, and anomalousP-wave radiation.     

Channel and floodplain response to recent abrupt climate change: The tyne basin,Northern England

This paper examines the timing, nature and magnitude of river response in upland, piedmont and lowland reaches of the Tyne basin, northern England, to high-frequency (20–30 year) changes in climate and flood regime since 1700 AD. Over this period fluvial activity has been characterized by alternating phases of river-bed incision and stability coinciding with non-random, decadal-scale fluctuations in flood frequency and hydroclimate that appear to be linked to changes in large-scale upper atmospheric circulation patterns. Episodes of widespread channel bed incision (1760–1799, 1875–1894, 1955–1969) result from a higher frequency of large floods (> 20 year return period) and cool, wet climate under meridional circulation regimes. Phases of more moderate floods (5–20 year return period), corresponding to zonal circulation types (1820–1874, 1920–1954), are characterized by enhanced lateral reworking and sediment transfer in upper reaches of the catchment, and channel narrowing and infilling downstream. Rates of fluvial activity are reduced in intermediate periods (1800–1819, 1895–1919) with no dominant circulation regime associated with lower flood frequency and magnitude. The results of this study provide a valuable guide for forecasting probable drainage basin and channel response to future climate change.     

四川省宁南县城后山泥石流激发雨强

根据宁南县城后山垂直剖面观测资料，对本区降雨的垂直变化及泥石流激发雨强作了探讨。当地暴雨泥石流发生所需的１０分钟雨强ｉ＿（１０ｍｉｎ）和前期降水量Ｐａ组合为：：ｉ＿（１０ｍｉｎ）≥１５ｍｍ∩Ｐａ≥５０ｍｍ，或ｉ＿（ｍｉｎ）≥１０ｍｍ∩Ｐａ≥６５ｍｍ，或ｉ＿（１０ｍｉｎ）≥５ｍｍ∩Ｐａ≥９０ｍｍ。超过上述各组合值就有可能暴发泥石流。     

长江三峡地区经济开发条件分析

长江三峡地区区域地理位置重要，区位优势明显，开发意义重大；区内农业、水能、矿产和旅游等优势自然资源丰富，组合配置良好，开发潜力巨大；区域经济开发的交通、能源、出入通道等基础条件已基本具备。     

贡嘎山区全新世冰川变化与泥石流发育的关系

贡嘎山区在全新世初期（１００００－７５００ａＢＰ），气候渐暖，冰川后退，泥石流发生频次剧增；中期（７５００－４０００ａＢＰ），出现高温气候，冰川强烈后退，沉积物则以冰水河流相为主；晚期（＜４０００ａＢＰ），气候转冷，出现新冰期。嗣后，气候转暖，但有三次明显的冰进过程；４００ａＢＰ前，气候再度转冷，出现小冰期。大量的泥石流点是出现在气候转暖、冰川退缩的初始阶段。     

论水土保持与金沙江农业综合开发：以云南省为例

金沙江流域光、热、土地等自然资源丰富，已经引起各方面的关注，正在进行农业综合开发。由于特殊的地质构造和特定的自然地理环境，其开发必须搞好水土保持。水土保持是金沙江农业综合开发的基础和环境保护的重要内容，水土保持型生态农业是金沙江农业综合开发的道路。