从气象灾害防御到气象灾害风险管理的管理方法转变

讨论气象灾害和气象灾害风险的重点研究对象。尝试性地将人类认识气象灾害的过程归纳为4个阶段：气象灾害的启蒙认识阶段、气象灾害的监测与预报阶段、气象灾害的减灾工程阶段和气象灾害的风险管理阶段。同时,引出了气象灾害和气象灾害风险的不同理念。以现在时刻为划分点,将过去已发生的灾害定义为气象灾害,将未来可能发生的灾害定义为气象灾害风险。最后建立了基于SWOT的远期气象灾害风险管理的分析方法,并提出了将人工影响天气作为气象灾害风险管理的气象工程手段的观点。     

Integrated model for earthquake risk assessment using neural network and analytic hierarchy process:Aceh province,Indonesia

Catastrophic natural hazards,such as earthquake,pose serious threats to properties and human lives in urban areas.Therefore,earthquake risk assessment(ERA)is indispensable in disaster management.ERA is an integration of the extent of probability and vulnerability of assets.This study develops an integrated model by using the artificial neural network–analytic hierarchy process(ANN–AHP)model for constructing the ERA map.The aim of the study is to quantify urban population risk that may be caused by impending earthquakes.The model is applied to the city of Banda Aceh in Indonesia,a seismically active zone of Aceh province frequently affected by devastating earthquakes.ANN is used for probability mapping,whereas AHP is used to assess urban vulnerability after the hazard map is created with the aid of earthquake intensity variation thematic layering.The risk map is subsequently created by combining the probability,hazard,and vulnerability maps.Then,the risk levels of various zones are obtained.The validation process reveals that the proposed model can map the earthquake probability based on historical events with an accuracy of 84%.Furthermore,results show that the central and southeastern regions of the city have moderate to very high risk classifications,whereas the other parts of the city fall under low to very low earthquake risk classifications.The findings of this research are useful for government agencies and decision makers,particularly in estimating risk dimensions in urban areas and for the future studies to project the preparedness strategies for Banda Aceh.     

面向市县层级的地震灾害风险评估系统设计与实现

地震灾害风险评估工作的开展是践行新时期防震减灾工作的必然要求,是了解抗震薄弱环节和高风险地区的有效手段。本文针对现有地震灾害风险评估系统在市县层级应用薄弱、针对性不强、基本未考虑地质灾害的影响等问题,在分析总结最新研究成果的基础上,以宝兴县为例,设计并构建操作方便简单、针对性强的地震灾害风险评估系统。为地方政府地震灾害风险管理、防御和风险处置等提供方法和方案,切实提高地震灾害风险防御能力,有效降低地震灾害损失。     

上海地区低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害的风险区划

首先根据1960-2008年上海地区11个气象站11月-次年4月的气象资料制定了上海市低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害过程的综合评估指标,接着依据自然灾害风险分析的原理和上海地区各区县的社会经济资料,运用地理信息系统技术(GIS)和加权综合评价法,进行了上海市低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害的致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和抗灾...     

地震巨灾风险评估系统的研制与应用

地震巨灾风险评估系统(EQRiskAsia 2010 for Windows)是专门用于未来10年尺度亚洲地震巨灾风险评估计算的系统,该系统具有很强的分析处理功能,可用于地震巨灾风险综合评估、地震灾害损失快速评估和地震巨灾案例信息查询等。本文介绍了该系统的设计思路和主要功能。     

Emerging organic contaminants in coastal waters: Anthropogenic impact,environmental release and ecological risk

This study provides a first estimate of the sources, distribution, and risk presented by emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in coastal waters off southwestern Taiwan. Ten illicit drugs, seven nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), five antibiotics, two blood lipid regulators, two antiepileptic drugs, two UV filters, caffeine, atenolol, and omeprazole were analyzed by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS). Thirteen EOCs were detected in coastal waters, including four NSAIDs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and codeine), three antibiotics (ampicillin, erythromycin, and cefalexin), three illicit drugs (ketamine, pseudoephedrine, and MDMA), caffeine, carbamazepine, and gemfibrozil. The median concentrations for the 13 EOCs ranged from 1.47 ng/L to 156 ng/L. Spatial variation in concentration of the 13 EOCs suggests discharge into coastal waters via ocean outfall pipes and rivers. Codeine and ampicillin have significant pollution risk quotients (RQ > 1), indicating potentially high risk to aquatic organisms in coastal waters.     

卫星遥感资料在山区洪涝灾害监测及决策服务中的应用

为充分发挥卫星遥感在防灾减灾工作中的应用,该文以2020年遵义市正安县汛期发生的特大暴雨洪涝灾害为研究个例,通过卫星搭载的合成孔径雷达的遥感影像反演,识别强降水影响区域,分级标识灾害风险,探索山区的三个叫应,以期发挥卫星遥感在防灾减灾中的作用,为防汛救灾和流域的上下游联防提供参考。结果表明：(1)山区防汛指挥调度,既要关注强降雨区域,也要考虑河流走向、上下游降水增叠效应,尤其是对于高大山脉前海拔高差明显区域的地表径流汇流增强作用,应加强判断联动叫应;(2)降雨量大小和地表水体增加量、存在的灾害风险隐患未必成正比,防汛工作不能一味只根据降雨量大小来做出灾害防范决定;(3)该案例作为一次天气过程造成影响的试点分析,为进一步探索对应关系提供参考基础,叫应关系的最终确立需要更多天气过程案例的统计分析。研究结果对正安县洪涝灾害防御决策指挥具有重要补充意义。     

长白山天池火山的危险性和火山碎屑流灾害评估

本文以长白山天池火山１２１５ＡＤ大喷发为参照系,采用了“以古论今”的历史分析方法,对天池火山的危险性和火山碎屑流灾害进行了评估。认为长白山天池火山是具有潜在喷发能力的高危险火山,给出了长白山天池火山的火山碎屑流灾害预测分区图,为各级政府部门合理制定土地使用规划和防灾活动提供了理论依据。     

地铁施工中的监测技术与安全风险管理

作为地下工程,城市地铁建设安全隐患大,风险高。在地铁施工过程中,采取何种措施和手段,保障地铁项目自身及周边建筑环境的安全,是地铁建设的一项重要内容。本文通过介绍目前地铁施工中的监测技术,结合风险管理的有关理论,指出了目前地铁施工中的监测技术及安全风险管理的不足,并提出了相应的改进措施,为类似工程建设提供参考。     

Polluted River Systems: Monitoring and Assessment of Ecotoxicological Risks

In the past chemical, ecological, and toxicological research was carried out in a separate way. Nowadays, more and more studies are undertaken considering these three approaches in an integrated way (triad studies). A sophisticated combination of chemical and biological monitoring and bioassays can improve water quality management of polluted rivers. Application of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), algorithms for mixture toxicity of known substances, chemical group parameters, and response-oriented sum parameters, may reduce uncertainties in ecotoxicological risk management.