面向灾害风险评估的热带气旋路径及强度随机模拟综述

历史热带气旋记录时间序列较短空间差异大,热带气旋灾害风险评估经常面临样本不足,特别是超强台风及巨灾记录历史样本的问题,从而导致传统概率统计方法失效。过去20多年来,逐渐发展出一套完整的方法体系进行热带气旋路径及强度随机模拟,其特点是充分利用历史总体样本信息,生成大量符合历史样本特征的热带气旋路径及强度随机事件样本集,从而有效地解决了局地历史样本不足的问题。在回顾热带气旋的年频次、季节分布、路径分布、强度及影响范围时空规律研究进展基础上,系统综述了用于热带气旋路径及随机模拟的起始点模型、行进模型、终止点模型、洋面强度模型、陆地衰减模型及结果检验方法等领域的进展及不足,然后对其在世界各地的应用进行了概述,并对未来研究改进方向及应用领域进行了展望。     

基于GIS的洪水灾害风险区划研究

洪水灾害区划是洪灾评估与管理的重要内容,本文在分析洪灾形成的各主要因子的基础上,提出了基于地理信息系统的洪灾风险区划指标模型,并结合辽河流域具体情况,以降雨、地形和区域社会经济易损为主要指标,得出了辽河流域洪灾风险综合区别。     

江西省山洪灾害风险区划初步研究

通过应用地理信息系统技术编制山洪灾害风险区划的方法,以江西省分县小流域地理底图为基础,对影响山洪灾害形成与发展的暴雨气候、地形坡度、河网分布等因子进行分析和叠加,完成了江西省山洪灾害危险性评价图。以人口密度、GDP、耕地面积作为指标进行易损性分析,并借助GIS工具,将危险性评价图与易损性评价图进行叠加,完成了江西省山洪灾害风险区划研究。区划结果表明:GIS方法能有效地对影响山洪灾害形成与发展的因子数据进行空间分析。该风险区划图可通过对山洪易发区的规划决策而减轻山洪灾害的影响,同时也为当地居民提供了灾害的风险信息。     

上海地区低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害的风险区划

首先根据1960-2008年上海地区11个气象站11月-次年4月的气象资料制定了上海市低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害过程的综合评估指标,接着依据自然灾害风险分析的原理和上海地区各区县的社会经济资料,运用地理信息系统技术(GIS)和加权综合评价法,进行了上海市低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害的致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和抗灾...     

我国台风灾害特征及风险防范策略

对登陆我国台风气候特征及灾害发生特点进行了分析,表明台风登陆我国时间集中于每年的7—9月,年均登陆数量广东最多,而最强登陆台风出现在台湾。台风灾害导致的直接经济损失总量呈现缓慢增加趋势,人员死亡数明显下降。但死亡100人以上的特别重大台风灾害平均每年发生一次,且造成的灾情占比很大。台风灾害影响主要是其伴随的大风、暴雨及引起的滑坡、泥石流、风暴潮等次生灾害共同造成的,重大灾害往往由突发性、极端性风雨引起。为了最大限度地降低和减轻台风灾害损失和社会影响,可依靠基于风险区划的防灾能力建设降低风险,依据准确的风险预评估避让风险,依赖保险特别是政策性巨灾保险的开展转移风险。     

Perfluorinated compounds in estuarine and coastal areas of north Bohai Sea, China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in water, sediment, soil, and biota collected from estuarine and coastal areas of the north Bohai Sea, China, were determined by use of HPLC-MS/MS. Significant concentrations of PFCs were found in water (mean: 18.4 ng/l) and biologic samples (fish: 265 ng/g dw), while concentrations of PFCs in soils and sediments were less. The predominately detected compound was perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), with a maximum concentration of 30.9 ng/l in water and 791 ng/g dw in fish. Concentrations of PFCs were significantly greater in the Liaohe River system than other locations, which suggests point sources in this urbanized and industrialized region. PFOS concentrations in water and biota were both less than the reported threshold concentrations. Detection of PFCs at relatively great concentrations in various environmental matrices from this region suggested that further studies characterizing concentrations of PFCs, their sources and potential risk to both humans and wildlife are needed.     

我国地震海啸危险性初步探讨

概述了地震海啸的特征及其成因、国内外历史上发生地震海啸的情况,结合我国沿海的地震、构造、海底地貌等特点,分析了我国沿海发生地震海啸的可能性。最后简要叙述了卫星技术在地震海啸监测中的应用。     

Emerging organic contaminants in coastal waters: Anthropogenic impact,environmental release and ecological risk

This study provides a first estimate of the sources, distribution, and risk presented by emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in coastal waters off southwestern Taiwan. Ten illicit drugs, seven nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), five antibiotics, two blood lipid regulators, two antiepileptic drugs, two UV filters, caffeine, atenolol, and omeprazole were analyzed by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS). Thirteen EOCs were detected in coastal waters, including four NSAIDs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and codeine), three antibiotics (ampicillin, erythromycin, and cefalexin), three illicit drugs (ketamine, pseudoephedrine, and MDMA), caffeine, carbamazepine, and gemfibrozil. The median concentrations for the 13 EOCs ranged from 1.47 ng/L to 156 ng/L. Spatial variation in concentration of the 13 EOCs suggests discharge into coastal waters via ocean outfall pipes and rivers. Codeine and ampicillin have significant pollution risk quotients (RQ > 1), indicating potentially high risk to aquatic organisms in coastal waters.     

地震巨灾风险评估系统的研制与应用

地震巨灾风险评估系统(EQRiskAsia 2010 for Windows)是专门用于未来10年尺度亚洲地震巨灾风险评估计算的系统,该系统具有很强的分析处理功能,可用于地震巨灾风险综合评估、地震灾害损失快速评估和地震巨灾案例信息查询等。本文介绍了该系统的设计思路和主要功能。     

杭州市雷电活动特征及雷电灾害区划

利用杭州市1966-2005年雷暴日资料和2008-2009年闪电定位资料,运用ArcGIS空间分析技术结合数理统计方法,分析杭州市雷电活动时空分布特征,并采用地闪密度空间分布与最大地闪强度空间分布的叠置作为雷电风险的主要评价指标,得到杭州市雷电灾害致灾危险性区划.分析结果表明,在时间分布上,杭州市雷暴天气多发生在夏季...