Fishing occupational health and safety: A comparison of regulatory regimes and safety outcomes in six countries

The actual or potential effects on fishing health and safety of the full scope of national and international regulatory regime components governing commercial fishing are often poorly understood. Especially lacking are comprehensive reviews of all the government policies that directly and indirectly affect fishing risk within countries with significant commercial fisheries. We present the results of a comprehensive, multi-national project that compares the regulatory regimes of six countries (Canada, US, UK, Iceland, New Zealand, and South Africa) and examines the impacts (either real or perceived) of legislation and regulations on fishing occupational health and safety outcomes. A conceptual model is proposed that identifies potential sources of direct and indirect risks to fishing health and safety in order to throw light on potential pathways from regulation to fishing safety. Our results highlight differences and gaps in the regulatory frameworks of the countries studied and point to the urgent need for improved assessment and for access to accurate and standardized statistics regarding fishing-related injuries and illnesses. We conclude with several recommendations for moving forward.     

我国典型滨海旅游区裂流灾害评估调查及风险管理动态

为填补滨海旅游灾害防范的空白,文章详细介绍了国家海洋局海洋减灾中心着手开展我国典型滨海旅游区裂流危险评估、安全警示、公众科普等技术工作。归纳总结了地形动力学概化分析、精细化数值模拟、遥感影像分析、现场勘测等裂流灾害危险性评价技术方法;详细介绍了我国海南省三亚、陵水地区重点滨海旅游岸段的裂流灾害风险及安全警示现状的调查评估情况;分析探讨了近期国内频繁出现的海滩裂流溺水事故以及国内裂流灾害公众科普宣传动态;并提出了滨海旅游灾害防范下一步的专业技术工作和科学探索方面可能的发展方向。     

Integrated monitoring of the hydro-morphodynamics of a beach protected by low crested detached breakwaters

The aim of this paper is to propose an integrated low cost system for monitoring the performance of beach defence works during storms. For this purpose, the site of Igea Marina, Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy, which is protected by low crested detached breakwaters, is selected. The monitoring system is composed by a video installation, for the identification of the shoreline position and of the intertidal bathymetry at high space and time resolution, and a 2DH numerical model, to reconstruct the hydrodynamics induced by coastal defenses. The accuracy of the monitoring system is verified against available measurements of waves and currents performed during a field campaign with acoustic Doppler profilers. Assimilation of data on the shoreline position in 2DH model operatively working is challenging in the improvement of the production of risk maps. These show the current intensities and flooded areas during forecasted storms. First promising results suggest the possibility of setting up an early warning tool.     

A policy making framework for resilient port infrastructure systems

This research is an effort to develop a Risk Management-based Decision Analysis (RMDA) framework based on the common fundamental elements that define the nature of resilience in Port Infrastructure Systems (PIS). While developing a systematic process for making strategic and investment decisions, RMDA guides the decision-makers to identify, analyze, and prioritize risks involved in PIS operations; to define ways for risk mitigation, plan for contingencies, and devise mechanisms for continuously monitoring and controlling risk factors and threats to the system; and to value the adopted resilience investment plans and strategies. Our suggested RMDA framework is a policy making tool that utilizes a Decision Tree Analysis (DTA) methodology for assessing the cost-effectiveness of the devised strategies.     

杭州市雷电活动特征及雷电灾害区划

利用杭州市1966-2005年雷暴日资料和2008-2009年闪电定位资料,运用ArcGIS空间分析技术结合数理统计方法,分析杭州市雷电活动时空分布特征,并采用地闪密度空间分布与最大地闪强度空间分布的叠置作为雷电风险的主要评价指标,得到杭州市雷电灾害致灾危险性区划.分析结果表明,在时间分布上,杭州市雷暴天气多发生在夏季...     

我国台风灾害特征及风险防范策略

对登陆我国台风气候特征及灾害发生特点进行了分析,表明台风登陆我国时间集中于每年的7—9月,年均登陆数量广东最多,而最强登陆台风出现在台湾。台风灾害导致的直接经济损失总量呈现缓慢增加趋势,人员死亡数明显下降。但死亡100人以上的特别重大台风灾害平均每年发生一次,且造成的灾情占比很大。台风灾害影响主要是其伴随的大风、暴雨及引起的滑坡、泥石流、风暴潮等次生灾害共同造成的,重大灾害往往由突发性、极端性风雨引起。为了最大限度地降低和减轻台风灾害损失和社会影响,可依靠基于风险区划的防灾能力建设降低风险,依据准确的风险预评估避让风险,依赖保险特别是政策性巨灾保险的开展转移风险。     

江西省山洪灾害风险区划初步研究

通过应用地理信息系统技术编制山洪灾害风险区划的方法,以江西省分县小流域地理底图为基础,对影响山洪灾害形成与发展的暴雨气候、地形坡度、河网分布等因子进行分析和叠加,完成了江西省山洪灾害危险性评价图。以人口密度、GDP、耕地面积作为指标进行易损性分析,并借助GIS工具,将危险性评价图与易损性评价图进行叠加,完成了江西省山洪灾害风险区划研究。区划结果表明:GIS方法能有效地对影响山洪灾害形成与发展的因子数据进行空间分析。该风险区划图可通过对山洪易发区的规划决策而减轻山洪灾害的影响,同时也为当地居民提供了灾害的风险信息。     

论地质灾害风险评价

地质灾害风险，是指地质灾害活动及其以地人类生命财产造成破坏损失的可能。地质灾害风险具有必然万籁 、随机性、模性、不均稀性等特点。按地质灾害风险评价区域范围，分为点评价、面评价、区域评价。基本内容包括危险性评价、易损性评价、破坏损失评价、防治工程价，由此构成多层次的评价系统。     

IPCC AR6报告关于气候变化影响和风险主要结论的解读

文中对IPCC第六次评估报告第二工作组报告关于观测和预估的气候变化影响与风险方面的主要结论进行了解读。报告表明,气候变化已经对自然和人类系统造成了广泛的不利影响,尤其是气候变化下的复合风险和极端事件呈现日益加剧和频繁的趋势。目前,不同地区和部门的关键风险已多达127种,且随着气候变暖以及生态社会脆弱性的加剧,将对人类和生态系统造成更加普遍和不可逆的影响。相对第五次评估报告,本报告进一步扩展了风险的内涵,归纳了8个代表性关键风险,更加全面地评估了5个“关注理由”的风险水平,评估结果有利于加深对于气候变化影响的认识和及时制定行动对策。     

Perfluorinated compounds in estuarine and coastal areas of north Bohai Sea, China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in water, sediment, soil, and biota collected from estuarine and coastal areas of the north Bohai Sea, China, were determined by use of HPLC-MS/MS. Significant concentrations of PFCs were found in water (mean: 18.4 ng/l) and biologic samples (fish: 265 ng/g dw), while concentrations of PFCs in soils and sediments were less. The predominately detected compound was perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), with a maximum concentration of 30.9 ng/l in water and 791 ng/g dw in fish. Concentrations of PFCs were significantly greater in the Liaohe River system than other locations, which suggests point sources in this urbanized and industrialized region. PFOS concentrations in water and biota were both less than the reported threshold concentrations. Detection of PFCs at relatively great concentrations in various environmental matrices from this region suggested that further studies characterizing concentrations of PFCs, their sources and potential risk to both humans and wildlife are needed.