云南大瑞铁路DK79—DK88段工程地质灾害预测及防治

大瑞铁路K79—K88段处于滇西红层区,地质灾害强发育。分析研究已有地质灾害发育特征和发展趋势,对铁路工程建设引发新地质灾害进行预测,为地质灾害的防治提供了基础资料,并提出有效、针对性的地质灾害防治措施。     

Influence of heterogeneity on 3D slope reliability and failure consequence

This paper investigates the influence of heterogeneity of undrained shear strength on the reliability of, and risk posed by, a long slope cut in clay, for different depths of foundation layer. The clay has been idealised as a linear elastic, perfectly plastic Von Mises material and its spatial variability has been modelled using random field theory, whereas slope performance has been computed using a parallel 3D finite element program. The results of Monte Carlo simulations confirm previous findings that three categories of failure mode are possible and that these are significantly influenced by the horizontal scale of fluctuation relative to the slope geometry. In particular, discrete 3D failures are likely for intermediate scales of fluctuation and, in this case, reliability is a function of slope length. The risk posed by potential slides has been quantified in terms of slide volumes and slide lengths, which have been estimated by considering the computed out-of-face displacements. The results show that, for a given horizontal scale of fluctuation relative to the slope geometry, there is a wide range of possible slide volumes and slide geometries. Indeed, the results highlight just how difficult it is to compute a 2D slope failure in a heterogeneous soil. However, they also indicate that, for low probabilities of failure, the volumes of potential slides can be small. This suggests that, for some problems, it may not be necessary to design to very small probabilities of failure, due to the reduced consequence of failure in this case. The techniques developed in this paper will be important in benchmarking simpler 2D and 3D solutions used in design, as there is a need to quantify slide geometries when benchmarking simpler methods based on predefined failure mechanisms.     

山区公路崩塌灾害隐患危险性评价方法研究

以G109国道门头沟段崩塌灾害隐患为例,提出运用定性和定量相结合的方法,对山区公路崩塌灾害隐患进行稳定性评价。根据山区公路发生的崩塌灾害,可能造成的损失大小难以定量化估计的情况,将损失大小用危害程度来代替。应用层次分析-模糊数学评价方法,对崩塌灾害可能造成的危害程度进行了定量评价。     

犯罪防控警务策略及其时空效益评估研究进展

犯罪防控警务策略是犯罪地理研究的重要话题之一,西方国家在此方面展开了大量研究,而我国的相关研究仍较缺乏。本文从不同类型犯罪防控警务策略特点、犯罪防控实验及其防控效益评估3个方面出发,综述国内外研究进展。研究结论包括以下4个方面：① 社区警务、问题导向警务、热点警务和智能警务为4大主要犯罪防控警务策略。社区警务以社区为单位,通过警民合作以减少犯罪;问题导向警务通过SARA（Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment）找出并解决社会中存在的问题;热点警务基于犯罪热点制定警务方案,对犯罪热点地区加以干预以降低犯罪率;智能警务利用大数据,人工智能等先进技术开展警务防控;② 国外的犯罪防控实验大多是通过划分实验组和对照组的方式,对比警务策略干预前后的犯罪变化。大部分警务实验以热点警务为主,且在试验区能有效降低犯罪,但同时存在犯罪转移或效益扩散现象;国内犯罪防控实验的研究仍有待开展;③ 传统的警务防控评估主要从破案率、公众安全感和社会经济效益评估3方面出发。鉴于犯罪转移或效益扩散的存在,国内外学者提出了加权位移商（WDQ）、时空加权位移商（STWDQ）、双重差分（DID）、倾向评分匹配（PSM）、双重差分倾向评分匹配（PSM-DID）和基于双重差分（DID）的象限法评估警务时空效益,丰富了警务防控评估体系。整体而言,国外对犯罪防控警务策略与时空效益评估研究得较充分但仍存在不足,而国内尚处于起步阶段。本文在最后探讨了中国警务策略可深入研究的方向。     

杭州市伏、秋旱灾害风险区划

根据杭州市1959-2010年降水资料、自然环境以及社会经济要素,综合致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾环境及防灾减灾能力,构建区域干旱灾害风险评价模型。通过ArcGIS空间分析技术结合模糊综合评价法,编制以100 m＆#215;100 m栅格为基本评价单元的杭州市伏、秋旱灾害风险区划图。区划结果表明,淳安西北部、建德中南部、桐庐中部、富阳南部、临安东部以及余杭、主城区,伏旱、秋旱灾害风险均较高。     

Uncertainties in global warming science and near-term emission policies

Abstract

It is argued here that stringent, early emission reductions are necessary in order to minimize ‘dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system’ (DAI), the stated Objective of Article 2 of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). Given probability distribution functions (pdfs) for climate sensitivity and the temperature threshold for harm consistent with currently available evidence, and accepting a 10% risk of unacceptable damage as the threshold for ‘danger’, it is not possible to avoid DAI. Having adopted a precautionary approach in setting emission trajectories, the possibility arises that future resolution of uncertainties concerning climate sensitivity and the harm threshold may show the climate sensitivity to be low (1–2 K) and the harm threshold high (2 K rather than 1 K). Using a simple coupled climate-carbon cycle model, it is shown that if the climate sensitivity were to be definitively determined to be 2 K in 2020, then the emission reductions achieved by that time and planned for the next two decades are still fully needed. Only if climate sensitivity is very low (1 K) and the harm threshold is high (2 K) would the emissions achieved by 2020 not have been fully necessary. However, this would still lead to changes in ocean chemistry that are likely to be highly detrimental to marine life. Thus, when the full spectrum of impacts is considered, there is no plausible set of assumptions under which stringent near-term emission reductions are rendered unnecessary.     

Risky responsibilities for rural drinking water institutions: The case of unregulated self-supply in Bangladesh

The drinking water sector is off track to reach Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.1 with over a quarter of the world’s population lacking safe and reliable services. Policy approaches are shifting away from provision of access towards managing the multiple risks of water supply and quality. By considering how infrastructure, information, and institutional systems evolved in Bangladesh, this article identifies the unintentional consequences of reallocating management responsibility for rural water services away from government agencies towards individuals and households.Between 2012 and 2017, we estimate up to forty-five unregulated tubewells were installed privately for every publicly funded rural waterpoint. This growth rate more than doubled total national waterpoint infrastructure since 2006. The scale of growth is reflected in the declining ratio of households per tubewell from over fifty-seven in 1982 to less than two in 2017, potentially approaching market saturation. This scale of growth aligns to an observed decrease in the real price of private market shallow tubewells by seventy percent between 1982 and 2017. In 2018, we estimate households invested up to USD253 million in tubewells, nearly sixty-five percent of the total national water and sanitation sector’s household-level finance. In effect, household investments became critical to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of improved infrastructure access, but now pose challenges for meeting targets of safely managed services. The scale of continued private investment provides an opportunity for policymakers to explore blended public finance models to meet emerging consumer preferences, while at the same time introducing regulatory and monitoring systems.     

刍议地质技术管理对实施资源战略的重要意义

简述地质技术管理概念、内容、注意事项,重点探索资源潜力评价的理论与方法、矿点(床)考察工作内容、专家会诊及矿产资源潜力评价的难点。提出地质技术管理对云铜集团实施资源战略的重要意义。     

A review of international,regional and national biosecurity risk assessment frameworks

Aquatic nonindigenous species (ANS) have dramatic impact on environmental, economic, social, cultural, and human health values in a variety of coastal, estuarine, and inland ecosystem. Despite efforts to develop biosecurity risk assessment frameworks for the improvement of ANS management, responsible agencies lack a standardized framework to identify and mitigate risk from ANS. This paper reviews the biosecurity risk assessment frameworks of seven international bodies, four regional bodies, and three countries and highlights the similarities, differences and deficiencies in their respective frameworks. Specific deficiencies found by the review include: (i) a lack of national implementation of the international and regional frameworks; (ii) gaps in ANS knowledge; (iii) insufficient guidance for various components of the risk assessment; (iv) limited number and scope of standards and measures related to ANS; and (v) inconsistent terminology between frameworks. To reduce the risk of ANS introductions, this paper concludes with a set of six recommendations to develop aquatic biosecurity risk frameworks that are both comprehensive and precautionary while also in accord with mandates established by other international bodies such as the World Trade Organization.     

A broad-scale assessment of the risk to coastal seagrasses from cumulative threats

Informing the management of coastal marine habitats at broad spatial scales is difficult because of the costs associated with collecting and analyzing ecological data at that scale. Spatially explicit assessments of the risk to coastal marine habitats from cumulative threats provide an alternative approach by identifying sites that are exposed to multiple anthropogenic threats at broad scales. In this study, qualitative measures of vulnerability were combined with geospatial data to evaluate the risk to coastal seagrasses at the scale of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) region (∼26,000 km²) of Queensland, Australia. The risk assessment outputs identified agricultural, urban and industrial runoff, and urban and port developments as the major anthropogenic activities threatening coastal seagrasses. ‘Hot spots’ with multiple threat exposure were all in industrial port locations and the southern two-thirds of the GBR. There is a distinct discontinuity in threat exposure along the GBR coast with 98% of seagrass meadows in the northern third exposed to only low levels of anthropogenic risk. The clustering of threat exposure is discussed in terms of coastal management policy. The approach outlined in this study provides management agencies a method of achieving maximum return for minimal investment in data collection at broad spatial scales by identifying sites where management intervention would be best targeted.