通过滑面应力状态评价滑坡稳定性

以黄河上游某大型滑坡为例,研究了有限元法在评价滑坡稳定性中的应用。具体操作过程是：建立滑坡的有限元模型,求出滑面上的应力状态,计算滑面上总的抗滑力与总的滑动力之比,最后评价滑坡的稳定性。通过对黄河上游某大型滑坡比较研究发现,采用有限元法比传递系数法得出的稳定性系数高0．07,这种差异属允许差异范围。采用有限元法计算该滑坡在天然与地震两种条件下的稳定性系数分别为1．14和1．1,可以认为滑坡在两种条件下的稳定性较好。该方法原理正确、操作简单、结果可信度高,有一定的适用价值。     

REPRESENTATIONS OF COULOMB FRICTION FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

In many engineering problems involving friction, the friction is treated as Coulomb friction, where the magnitude of the friction force is constant but its direction is always opposite to that of the sliding velocity. In dynamic problems, the direction of the sliding velocity can change quite often. The many changes of the velocity direction cause many discontinuities in the friction force, complicating the process of evaluating the response of systems involving friction. In this paper, it is shown that the discontinuous Coulomb friction force can be represented by at least four different continuous functions. Each of these functions involves one constant that controls the level of accuracy of that function's representation of the friction force. The accuracy of the various representations is verified by comparing the response of a single degree freedom system, obtained through numerical solutions utilizing these representations, with an exact analytical solution. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil resistances for laterally loaded rigid piles in multi-layered elastic soil

ABSTRACT

Short stubby piles like monopiles and large diameter drilled shafts undergo rigid body translation and rotation when subjected to a lateral force and/or a moment at the head. A method of analysis for these piles embedded in multi-layered elastic soil is developed using the variational principles of mechanics. Using this analysis, the soil resistance against pile movement can be rigorously related to the soil elastic constants, and the pile head displacement and rotation can be quickly calculated. The equilibrium equations for pile and soil displacements are obtained using the principle of virtual work and solved using an iterative algorithm. Pile responses obtained from the analysis match well with those obtained from three-dimensional finite element analyses in which the same inputs of loads, geometry, and material properties are given. Based on the new analysis, fitted equations for soil resistance parameters are developed, which can be used to directly calculate the pile head displacement and rotation without the use of the iterative algorithm. Numerical examples are provided that demonstrate how the method can be used to analyse practical problems.     

Bidirectional shaking table tests of a low-cost friction sliding system with flat-inclined surfaces

A novel low-cost friction sliding system for bidirectional excitation is developed to improve the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers. The sliding system is a spherical prototype developed by combining a central flat surface with an inclined spherical segment, characterized by stable oscillation and a large reduction in response accelerations on the flat surface. The inclined part provides a restoring force that limits the residual displacements of the system. Conventional steel and concrete are employed to construct a flat-inclined spherical surface atop an RC pier. The seismic forces are dissipated through the frictions generated during the sliding movements; hence, the seismic resilience of bridges can be ensured with a low-cost design solution. The proposed system is fabricated utilizing a mold created by a three-dimensional printer, which facilitates the use of conventional concrete to construct spherical shapes. The concrete surface is lubricated with a resin material to prevent abrasion from multiple input ground motions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the system, bidirectional shaking table tests are conducted in the longitudinal and transverse directions of a scaled bridge model. The effect of the inclination angle and the flat surface size is investigated. The results demonstrate a large decrease in response acceleration when the system exhibits circular sliding displacement. Furthermore, the inclination angle that generates the smallest residual displacement is identified experimentally.     

村镇滑移隔震建筑瞬时摩擦耗能的参数敏感性分析

给出了村镇滑移隔震建筑瞬时摩擦耗能的概念,并以此概念为响应指标。通过极差大小的对比,分析了该响应指标对刚度比、第二阶段刚度系数、隔震层屈服位移、隔震层摩擦系数、系统质量比和上部结构自振周期六个参数变化的敏感程度,阐述了上述系统参数对瞬时摩擦耗能这一响应指标的影响规律。研究表明:场地条件和地震动幅值大小对瞬时摩擦耗能均有显著影响;在所考虑的参数范围内,上部结构自振周期总是对瞬时摩擦耗能有较为显著的影响,摩擦系数对瞬时摩擦耗能的影响跟场地条件有关,Ⅰ类场地条件中摩擦系数对瞬时摩擦耗能影响不显著,而Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ类场地条件中,摩擦系数对瞬时摩擦耗能的影响则非常显著;隔震层屈服位移、刚度比和第二阶段刚度系数总得来讲对瞬时摩擦耗能影响不显著,质量比对瞬时摩擦耗能影响居中。     

多维多点激励下考虑支座摩擦滑移及结构碰撞的非规则桥梁抗震性能研究

以一座典型山区非规则梁桥为研究对象,建立了该桥梁多维多点激励下的多自由度动力计算模型,研究了该桥梁在多维多点激励下考虑支座摩擦滑移及结构碰撞等非线性因素时的抗震性能。研究结果表明:相比一维地震输入,多维地震可使结构的动力响应增加,桥墩底部弯矩需求增大;相比一致激励,多点激励可使得支座的位移需求增大,且地震波最后到达的桥墩上方支座位移最大;同时考虑多点激励和碰撞效应可使桥墩的弯矩需求增加;水平地震作用下,矮墩上部的支座容易滑动,且双向地震较单向地震更明显,三向地震输入较双向有所增强。因此,对山区非规则梁桥进行抗震设计时应有针对性地进行多维多点地震输入计算,找出结构的最大地震需求,以期指导设计。     

平推式滑坡运动距离计算模型

平推式滑坡是四川盆地红层地区和三峡库区普遍存在的一类十分特殊的滑坡。多发育于近水平砂、泥岩互层的斜坡中,岩层倾角一般仅3°～5°,最陡者也不超过10°。基于平推式滑坡的地质力学模型及运动过程分析,利用能量守恒的原理推导了平推式滑坡运动距离的理论计算公式。进行了3组物理模型模拟试验,第Ⅰ组试验模拟滑坡后部裂缝在不同宽度及水头高度作用下滑坡体的运动距离,对推导的理论公式进行校验。通过对比分析认为,平推式滑坡前缘剪出口地下水排泄状态呈少量点状排泄时,滑坡基底扬压力分布形态整体上与矩形更加接近。为了进一步校验理论公式,进行了第Ⅱ组、第Ⅲ组试验,每组分别固定初始水头高度和初始裂缝宽度,模型设置了前缘整体渗水和完全堵塞两种情况。物理模拟试验验证了理论公式的可靠性和适用性。将理论公式应用于狮子山滑坡运动距离的计算,应用结果表明计算公式适用性良好。研究成果对平推式滑坡防治具有一定的指导意义。     

强风化软硬互层岩质高边坡监测与数值模拟

强风化软硬互层岩质高边坡属岩质边坡特殊情况,其结构面组成及性质复杂,与支护结构相互作用的复杂程度较高,相互影响较大,顺倾结构面临空等情况下破坏可能性很大。以兰永一级公路某深挖路堑边坡的治理工程为依托,对边坡支护过程中及支护结束后的锚杆应力、锚索内力、坡体位移进行了原位监测,并利用岩土分析软件PLAXIS,采用节理岩模块对该边坡工程进行了数值模拟分析。监测及模拟结果表明：该边坡由节理裂隙与岩层面形成折线形潜在滑面,且具有相同滑动可能性的潜在滑面不止一个;支护结构穿透组成滑面折线的任何折线段部分均对结构面稳定有显著影响,但支护结构穿透泥岩面对结构面的影响较穿透节理裂隙更大;支护锚索预应力变化具有一定规律,预应力变化过程对坡体位移及支护结构内力具有一定影响;坡体的主动变形对支护结构内力的影响较坡体被动变形大,结构面产生滑动趋势对坡面位移影响的敏感程度较支护结构内力影响的敏感程度低。该边坡支护稳定,支护设计合理,可为同类边坡支护设计提供相应建议。     

Expected Sliding Distance of Vertical Slit Caisson Breakwater

Evaluating the expected sliding distance of a vertical slit caisson breakwater is proposed. Time history for the wave load to a vertical slit caisson is made. It consists of two impulsive wave pressures followed by a smooth sinusoidal pressure. In the numerical analysis, the sliding distance for an attack of single wave was shown and the expected sliding distance during 50 years was also presented. Those results were compared with a vertical front caisson breakwater without slit. It was concluded that the sliding distance of a vertical slit caisson may be over-estimated if the wave pressure on the caisson is evaluated without considering vertical slit.     

吉林通化地震台四分量钻孔应变在日本9.0级地震前后的变化特征

基于通化地震台四分量应变观测,通过K-L最佳直线拟合及傅立叶滑动去年周期对数据进行处理,进一步分析日本9.0级地震前后应变变化特征。结果表明,K-L最佳直线拟合和傅立叶滑动去年周期,可以较好地消除通化台应变观测中的长趋势变化项和年变成分,使应力应变的微动态变化更加显著地表现出来;通化台四分量应变在日本9.0级地震前的压性变化与同一构造带的另外两个台站分量应变观测的大幅压性变化一致;日本9.0级地震使通化台面应变出现持续约8个月左右的扩张变化,变化性质与由GPS计算得到的同震位移结果较为一致。