A Review of the IAG GeoPT™ and Certification Programmes,their Protocols,and the Differences between the Original and Potential Modifications to the Certification Protocol

The IAG conducts two programmes, the GeoPT ^? proficiency test and a certification programme that are closely interconnected. Both support the quality control/quality assurance activities of geochemical laboratories. Each derives an estimate of ‘true value’ for a number of samples, but arrives at that estimate, and its uncertainty, differently. This review discusses the history of the two programmes and compares the ‘true values’ and their uncertainties obtained through each. It then considers ‘fitness‐for‐purpose’ issues related to both GeoPT ^? and certification uncertainties. Issues related to potential modification of the IAG protocol for certification are also considered.     

柱色谱分离-分子筛络合洗脱过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素分馏研究

应用气相色谱-气体同位素质谱(GC-C-IRMS)分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素之前,需要对饱和烃样品中正构烷烃和异构烷烃进行预分离、富集,在预分离和富集过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素是否发生分馏是高精度分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值(δ~(13)C)的关键。本文以正构烷烃混合溶液为对象,利用柱色谱、5■分子筛络合、环己烷-正戊烷混合溶剂两次洗脱,GC-C-IRMS分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素,研究前处理过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素是否发生分馏。结果表明:使用柱色谱分离前后,多数正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值相差-0.2‰～0.2‰;当5■分子筛不完全络合时,未络合的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值偏重约0.7‰,可能发生了微弱的碳同位素分馏,但并未影响洗脱后的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值;使用环己烷-正戊烷混合溶剂洗脱前后,碳同位素比值相差-0.2‰～0.5‰,以同样方式洗脱第二次,获得的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值与模拟样品相差-0.3‰～0.2‰。分析不同回收率(20%)正构烷烃的单体碳同位素比值,处理前后的差值基本在0.3‰以内,可见当正构烷烃回收率低至20%左右时,其单体碳同位素仍未发生明显分馏。柱色谱分离-5■分子筛络合-混合溶剂洗脱方法适用于回收率大于20%的正构烷烃单体碳同位素分析。     

膨润土负载纳米铁去除地下水中六价铬研究

随着人民生活水平的提高和城市化进程的加快,有机污染物及重金属高强度场地污染对人类健康、生态环境及社会安全构成了严重威胁。地下水中的重金属Cr(Ⅵ)污染逐渐受到重视,纳米零价铁可以有效地将六价铬还原成三价铬,使其沉淀固定下来,从而将污染源区的污染物消减固定,防止其向周围扩散。然而由于纳米铁颗粒微小,易被氧化,极易团聚,自身活性受到限制,因此,纳米铁的分散性、稳定性、良好活性研究至关重要。采用低成本环境友好型粘土矿膨润土作为负载材料制备膨润土负载纳米铁（B-NZVI）,批实验和柱实验研究B NZVI去除模拟地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)。结果表明：(1)自制的膨润土负载纳米铁个体呈球形,呈分散状负载于膨润土;(2)相同铁含量的B-NZVI处理Cr(Ⅵ)的效率远大于纳米铁,还原反应符合伪一级反应动力学模型,表观速率常数K随着B NZVI初始浓度的减小而减小;(3)B NZVI在石英砂柱中基本无迁移,适用于点源污染,Cr(Ⅵ)穿透曲线为B-NZVI的实际应用提供了理论和实验基础。     

粉状煤系土的物理力学特性

采用不同天气下的原位及室内试验方法,对广东云浮地区粉状煤系土的工程地质性质进行了测试,系统研究了煤系土的物理力学特性,重点论述了粉状煤系土不同干密度、不同含水率下抗剪强度和现场静力触探比贯入阻力的变化规律,提出了粉状煤系土的多项强度指标,建立了具有实用参考价值的经验性公式。研究结果为合理评价粉状煤系土的特性、路基处理和边坡处治提供理论依据,具有一定的实际意义。     

pH influence on sorption characteristics of heavy metal in the vadose zone

Sorption is an important process in the modelling and prediction of the movement of heavy metals in unsaturated clay barriers. This experimental study investigates the effect of pH changes in the acidic range on the sorption characteristics of heavy metals such as: lead, copper and zinc in an unsaturated soil. A series of one-dimensional coupled solute and moisture leaching column tests, using different heavy metal solutions, were conducted on an unsaturated illitic soil at varying pH values. Variations of volumetric water content (VWC) with distance were measured for different time durations, and concentrations of heavy metals in the liquid and solid phases were analysed. Partitioning coefficient profiles of contaminants along the soil column were determined for each individual layer in the soil.

Results from column leaching tests showed that the sorption characteristics of heavy metals are controlled by many factors which should be taken into consideration, i.e. the VWC, time of wetting, soil pH, and the influent heavy metal concentrations. Simplification of K_d as a constant and of the VWC as a linear function cannot be considered a good assumption and may lead to an improper evaluation of the sorption phenomena and also to serious errors in predicting contaminant transport through unsaturated soils.     

Tropospheric NO2 Columns over Northeastern North America： Comparison of CMAQ Model Simulations with GOME Satellite Measurements

We present comparisons of the NO2 regional Chemical Transport Model （CTM） simulations over North-eastern North America during the time period from May to September, 1998 with hourly surface NO2 observations and the NO2 columns retrieved from the GOME （Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment） satellite instrument. The model calculations were performed using the Mesoscale Meteorological Model 5 （MM5）, Sparse Matrix Operator Kernal Emissions （SMOKE）, and Community Multiscale Air Quality （CMAQ） modeling systems, using the emission data from the National Emissions Inventory （NEI） databases of 1996 （U.S.） and 1995 （Canada）. The major objectives were to assess the performance of the CMAQ model and the accuracy of the emissions inventories as they affected the simulations of this important short-lived atmospheric species. The modeled （NcMAQ） and measured （NGOME） NO2 column amounts, as well as their temporal variations, agreed reasonably well. The absolute differences （NcMAQ-NGOME） across the domain were between ±3.0×10^15 molecules cm^-2, but they were less than ±1.0×10^15 molecules cm^-2 over the majority （80%） of the domain studied. The overall correlation coefficient between the measurements and the simulations was 0.75. The differences were mainly ascribed to a combination of inaccurate emission data for the CTM and the uncertainties in the GOME retrievals. Of these, the former were the more easily identifiable.     

Study on Ozone Change over the Tibetan Plateau

This paper reviewed the main results with respect to the discovery of low center of total column ozone (TCO) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in summer, and its formation mechanism. Some important advances are summarized as follows: The fact is discovered that there is a TCO low center over the TP in summer, and the features of the background circulation over the TP are analyzed; it is confirmed that the TP is a pathway of mass exchange between the troposphere and stratosphere, and it influences the TCO low center over the TP in summer; models reproduce the TCO low center over the TP in summer, and the formation mechanism is explored; in addition, the analyses and diagnoses of the observation data indicate that not only there is the TCO low center over the TP in summer, but also TCO decrease trend over the TP is one of the strong centers of TCO decrease trend in the same latitude; finally, the model predicts the future TCO change over the TP.     

煤矿开采在煤系砂岩中形成现代陷落柱的实例

通 过 钱家 营井 田 203泥石 流 突发 事故 ,对 陷落 柱 的形 成机 理 作进 一步 的 研究 ,巷 道临 空 空间 、构 造破 碎带 、高压 地下 水 的存 在是 煤 系砂 岩地 层 中形 成现 代 陷落 柱的 主 要控 制因 素 。     

沙尘暴垂直输运的两相流理论Ⅱ：气柱挟卷模式

为了改进气块法对沙尘沉降问题的研究,文中利用气柱法,考虑沙尘气体与环境的交换作用以及气柱内湍流交换作用.计算结果表明,均匀场中有利于沉降的条件为较大的初始沙尘浓度扰动与较小的初始温度扰动,而且温度扩散系数越大越有利于沙尘沉降,沙尘浓度扩散系数越大越不利于沙尘沉降,湍流过程在均匀场中对沙尘沉降影响不大.考虑剑更真实的环境场,得出在环境的垂直沙尘浓度梯度与温度梯度的参数域中,初始沙尘扰动越大越有利于沙尘沉降,初始温度扰动越大,越小利于沙尘沉降.同时给出4种不利于沙尘沉降的过程:(1)上升浓度变化过程;(2)下沉浓度变化过程;(3)上升温度变化过程;(4)下沉温度变化过程.根据这些过程分析参数对沙尘沉降的影响得到:温度扩散系数越大越有利沙尘沉降;沙尘浓度扩散系数越大不利十沙尘沉降;垂直温度湍流交换系数越大有利于缓降区甚至是非沉降区的上升;垂直沙尘浓度湍流交换系数越大越有利于沙尘沉降.     

用地面湿度参量计算我国整层大气可降水量及有效水汽含量方法的研究

根据1993年我国28个台站地面及高空气象要素资料,拟合出这28个台站所在地区整层大气可降水量同地面湿度参量(地面水汽压、地面露点)关系的经验表达式,并且在此基础上,通过引进地理纬度ψ和海拔高度H两个参量,将经验系数参数化,建立起由地面湿度参量计算整层大气可降水量的经验计算模式.另外还拟合出这些地区整层大气有效水汽含量同可降水量关系的经验表达式,提出一个先由地面湿度参量计算整层大气可降水量,再由此计算出整层大气有效水汽含量的方法.