Performance of surface footing on geocell-reinforced soft clay beds

This paper presents the results of laboratory model tests carried out to develop an understanding of the behaviour of geocell-reinforced soft clay foundations under circular loading. Natural silty clay was used in this study. The geocells were prepared using biaxial polymer grid. The performance of the reinforced bed is quantified using non-dimensional factors i.e., Bearing capacity improvement factor (I_f) and Percentage reduction in footing settlement (PRS). The test results demonstrate that the geocell mattress redistributes the footing load over a wider area thereby improving the performance of the footing. The load carrying capacity of the clay bed is increased by a factor of up to about 4.5 times that of unreinforced bed. From the pressure-settlement responses, it is observed that the geocell-reinforced foundation bed behaves as a much stiffer system compared to the unreinforced case indicating that a substantial reduction in footing settlement can be achieved by providing geocell reinforcement in the soft clay bed. The maximum reduction in footing settlement obtained with the provision of geocell mattress of optimum size placed close to the footing is around 90%. Further improvement in performance is obtained with provision of an additional planar geogrid layer at the base of the geocell mattress.     

草根加筋土的室内三轴试验研究

用室内三轴试验方法研究了草根加筋土的应力-应变及强度特性,探讨了在不同加筋情况下草根加筋土抗剪强度指标的变化规律,分析了素土和草根加筋土的变形破坏模式以及筋材在土体剪切过程中的阻抗机理。试验结果表明：（1）草根加筋土的强度和抵抗变形的能力较素土有显著的增强;（2）对于抗剪强度指标,与素土相比草根加筋土的内摩擦角变化较小（相对变化率绝对值在11 %以内）,但黏聚力增长较大（最大可达9倍）;（3）在草根加筋层数一定的情况下,随着加筋量的增加,草根加筋土的主应力差值、抗剪强度值以及黏聚力值呈现先增加后降低的趋势,亦即加筋层数相同时存在最佳含根量。本研究结果对于深入认识植被护坡机理和合理选择植被密度具有指导意义。     

pH influence on sorption characteristics of heavy metal in the vadose zone

Sorption is an important process in the modelling and prediction of the movement of heavy metals in unsaturated clay barriers. This experimental study investigates the effect of pH changes in the acidic range on the sorption characteristics of heavy metals such as: lead, copper and zinc in an unsaturated soil. A series of one-dimensional coupled solute and moisture leaching column tests, using different heavy metal solutions, were conducted on an unsaturated illitic soil at varying pH values. Variations of volumetric water content (VWC) with distance were measured for different time durations, and concentrations of heavy metals in the liquid and solid phases were analysed. Partitioning coefficient profiles of contaminants along the soil column were determined for each individual layer in the soil.

Results from column leaching tests showed that the sorption characteristics of heavy metals are controlled by many factors which should be taken into consideration, i.e. the VWC, time of wetting, soil pH, and the influent heavy metal concentrations. Simplification of K_d as a constant and of the VWC as a linear function cannot be considered a good assumption and may lead to an improper evaluation of the sorption phenomena and also to serious errors in predicting contaminant transport through unsaturated soils.     

膨润土负载纳米铁去除地下水中六价铬研究

随着人民生活水平的提高和城市化进程的加快,有机污染物及重金属高强度场地污染对人类健康、生态环境及社会安全构成了严重威胁。地下水中的重金属Cr(Ⅵ)污染逐渐受到重视,纳米零价铁可以有效地将六价铬还原成三价铬,使其沉淀固定下来,从而将污染源区的污染物消减固定,防止其向周围扩散。然而由于纳米铁颗粒微小,易被氧化,极易团聚,自身活性受到限制,因此,纳米铁的分散性、稳定性、良好活性研究至关重要。采用低成本环境友好型粘土矿膨润土作为负载材料制备膨润土负载纳米铁（B-NZVI）,批实验和柱实验研究B NZVI去除模拟地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)。结果表明：(1)自制的膨润土负载纳米铁个体呈球形,呈分散状负载于膨润土;(2)相同铁含量的B-NZVI处理Cr(Ⅵ)的效率远大于纳米铁,还原反应符合伪一级反应动力学模型,表观速率常数K随着B NZVI初始浓度的减小而减小;(3)B NZVI在石英砂柱中基本无迁移,适用于点源污染,Cr(Ⅵ)穿透曲线为B-NZVI的实际应用提供了理论和实验基础。     

应用土柱试验求解地下含水介质弥散系数

污染物质在地下含水介质中的运移,除受渗透系数等水文地质条件的制约外,还受到含水介质弥散系数的控制。污染物的扩散,首先是从包气带开始进行的,浑河冲洪积扇地包气带主要岩性是亚粘土及亚砂土,因此,计算出浑河冲洪积扇包气带的弥散系数,对于认识污染物的运移能力是一项必要的工作。本文利用室内动态土柱装置,模拟包气带岩性环境,以0.05 mol/L的NaCl溶液作为示踪剂,经长时间监测,运用弥散系数计算公式进行求参。计算结果是包气带以亚粘土为主要岩性的弥散系数为0.005 71 m2/d,亚砂土的弥散系数为0.012 47 m2/d。     

峰峰矿区九龙矿隐伏突水陷落柱治理实践

峰峰矿区九龙矿的隐伏突水陷落柱发育于奥陶系石灰岩含水地层,发育高度至石炭系大青灰岩、伏青灰岩。由于其发育范围小,又隐伏于可采煤层以下。一般勘探手段很难给予精确解释,导致矿井开采过程中发生突水灾害。通过对矿区隐伏突水陷落柱的治理工作实践,介绍了其探查及治理过程：按照”探治结合”的治理原则,首先采取对矿区工作面三维地震资料进行精细解释,然后以注浆钻孔定向钻探施工技术进行验证的方法,确定突水构造的类型和空间发育形态,进而实施注浆治理,达到堵截突水通道、保障矿井安全生产的目的。本方法的成功实践,为今后华北型煤矿突水灾害的治理工作提供了的范例。     

绿泥石片岩各向异性特性研究

为研究十堰地区片岩的各向异性特性,开展了武当群绿泥石片岩长方体试样的单轴压缩和圆盘试样的间接拉伸试验,探讨了试样各向异性的力学特性和在不同受力状态下的变形破裂特性,揭示了不同变形破裂的力学机制。研究表明,武当群绿泥石片岩具有明显的各向异性性质,平行片理方向强度高,垂直片理方向强度低。该片岩特殊的定向排列片束状构造和片理间的弱胶结作用,致使不同方向上的破坏特征具有明显差异,其力学机制也不相同。在压应力作用下,泊松效应容易引起平行片理面的张拉劈裂和压杆失稳,垂直片理方向容易发生片理面间的剪切破坏。在同一方向上强度具有一致性,即平行片理面抗压和抗拉强度均较垂直片理面强度大。由于片理面间的抗拉承载力极低,在小角度劈裂荷载下,容易发生张拉劈裂和拉剪破坏,因此,实际工程中应尽可能避免片理面间的受拉破坏和沿片理的拉剪破坏。研究结果可以为隧道、边坡支护加固和防水处理提供参考。     

New Attempt to Reduce the Harm of Smoking: Reducing the Nitrosamines Level in Tobacco Smoke by Microwave Irradiation

In order to protect the environment and public health, microwave irradiation was investigated as a means of reducing the nitrosamines level of tobacco smoke under mild conditions where the microwave energy was 1 kW and the irradiation time was shorter than 2 min. The microwave‐induced elimination of nitrosamines such as N‐nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) and N‐nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPA) was investigated and the impact of the presence of water and salt in the medium on the reduction was assessed in detail. The existence of water in the medium was crucial for the microwave‐induced reduction of NDPA, because the rapid movement of water molecules under the influence of microwaves strongly affects the adjacent nitrosamines leading to their decomposition. This was the first time that microwaves have been used to directly irradiate cigarettes sealed in their packaging, and the nitrosamines content of tobacco and smoke of these irradiated cigarettes were analyzed with care. Irradiation for 90 s with microwave energy of 1kW was seen to reduce 25 to 30% of the nitrosamines in tobacco and 50 to 60% of the levels present in the mainstream smoke of the cigarette. Moreover, lower mutagenic activity and higher CHO cell livability were found for the irradiated cigarettes in comparison with the control according to the results of in vitro tests.     

气象防灾减灾科普栏目《风云纪录》的设计与实现

自然灾害公众教育可以提高全社会的灾害意识和忧患意识,增加公众的灾害知识,提高面对灾害的自救和互救能力,从而减少灾害的损失。为充分发挥电视在普及气象防灾减灾知识中的作用,依托已经发生或者新近发生的灾害事件,在纪实拍摄的基础上,充分利用数字媒体技术,设计了气象防灾减灾科普栏目《风云纪录》。节目采用故事化叙事手段,关注灾害事件中的受灾群体,将致灾的自然力量与社会人文因素交织在一起,把自然变化放在社会环境之中,气象专家、灾害专家和社会学者对灾害事件详细解读,使观众对灾害的认识更全面更深刻。对于抽象的知识、科学原理等,采用动画演示,以求通俗易懂。灾害纪实画面、灾害亲历者的现场采访、动画、解说、音乐、音效等表现形式经数字音视频编辑技术协调平衡,既真实生动,又具科普价值。自2003年以来,在栏目设计指导下,已经拍摄制作了200余期节目,通过各种播放,发挥了良好的科普效益,也为进一步做好气象灾害专题教育积累了经验。     

两次强冰雹超级单体风暴双偏振特征对比

利用S波段双偏振天气雷达资料、探空和地面常规气象观测资料及灾情调查, 对2020年6月25日河北省蠡县和2021年7月9日山东省章丘的两次特大冰雹超级单体风暴双偏振特征进行对比。结果表明:两次超级单体风暴均发生在西北气流形势下, 章丘风暴具有较强的对流有效位能、较大的湿度和较高的湿球0℃层高度。蠡县风暴强度明显大于章丘风暴, 但差分反射率柱和比差分相移柱高度明显低于章丘风暴。蠡县风暴弱回波区上方存在深厚的强度超过65 dBZ强回波悬垂, 即悬垂的冰粒子循环增长产生较大的冰雹粒子, 大的冰雹粒子进入下降通道后, 再次产生明显增长且更加不规则, 导致更强的水平极化反射率因子和更小的相关系数。湿度的垂直分布是风暴发展强度的关键环境因素之一。蠡县超级单体风暴的产生环境非常干, 章丘超级单体风暴的产生环境相对较湿。