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71.
The stress–strain behaviour of a soil is crucial to the recognition of the mechanism of slope failure. Triaxial tests, composed of isotropically consolidated drained (ICD) and undrained compression (ICU) tests and anisotropically consolidated constant deviatoric stress path (CQD) tests, were carried out with the aim of investigating the stress–strain behaviour of loosely compacted volcanic-derived soils. The fact that the critical states are the same for ICU, ICD and CQD tests may show that the critical state is independent of the above three stress paths. The critical state line, as defined in critical state soil mechanics, is obtained from the e–log p′ and qp′ plots based on the results of the above tests. The initial state of the consolidated specimens at initiation of failure may be classified as dilative or contractive in the light of the locations of the soil state relative to the critical state line. For contractional soils, the increased pore water pressure generated by rainfall infiltration leads to a contractive failure in a drained manner, giving rise to high excess pore water pressure. The excess pore water pressure caused by contraction cannot be dissipated instantly, resulting in a decrease in the shear resistance of the soil. The failure process is rapid. The failed soil mass is prone to flow after failure under the action of gravity due to its high moisture content and inflow of surface runoff and rainwater. For dilational soils, the increased pore water pressure resulting from infiltration leads to dilation, which reduces pore water pressure and thus increases the shear resistance of the soil. However, continued rainfall infiltration may be able to equilibrate the reduction in pore water pressure caused by dilation and, therefore, the dilation or displacement can continue. In Hong Kong, volcanic-derived soil is characterized by high permeability. Both the high permeability of volcanic-derived soil and a shallow failure surface make it possible for the reduction in pore pressure to equilibrate relatively quickly. Therefore, the failure is also rapid, at least for poorly compacted fill slopes.  相似文献   
72.
Reconstructions of the timing and frequency of past eruptions are important to assess the propensity for future volcanic activity, yet in volcanic areas such as the East African Rift only piecemeal eruption histories exist. Understanding the volcanic history of scoria-cone fields, where eruptions are often infrequent and deposits strongly weathered, is particularly challenging. Here we reconstruct a history of volcanism from scoria cones situated along the eastern shoulders of the Kenya–Tanzania Rift, using a sequence of tephra (volcanic ash) layers preserved in the ~250-ka sediment record of Lake Chala near Mount Kilimanjaro. Seven visible and two non-visible (crypto-) tephra layers in the Lake Chala sequence are attributed to activity from the Mt Kilimanjaro (northern Tanzania) and the Chyulu Hills (southern Kenya) volcanic fields, on the basis of their glass chemistry, textural characteristics and known eruption chronology. The Lake Chala record of eruptions from scoria cones in the Chyulu Hills volcanic field confirms geological and historical evidence of its recent activity, and provides first-order age estimates for seven previously unknown eruptions. Long and well-resolved sedimentary records such as that of Lake Chala have significant potential for resolving regional eruption chronologies spanning hundreds of thousands of years.  相似文献   
73.
土水特征曲线基本参数(进气值、残余吸力值和反弯点的斜率等)在非饱和土的强度理论、渗流理论以及体变特性等方面都是非常重要的参数,常常通过传统画图法来确定,其精确度难以保证。以洛川标准剖面4层原状黄土为研究对象,基于VG模型提出单峰和双峰SWCC基本参数的确定方法;采用滤纸法测得SWCC数据点,基于VG模型进行最优化拟合,获取拟合参数,利用单峰和双峰SWCC数据点验证该方法的可行性;进行自然状态下的水分蒸发试验,根据质量含水率与蒸发时间的关系确定蒸发残余饱和度Srzf,依据Sr1、Sr2(Sr1和Sr2分别由确定残余状态的两种方法得到)与Srzf的相对误差值,比较了两种确定残余状态的方法。结果表明:对于单峰和双峰SWCC曲线,该方法都可以得到合理的基本参数并有效地确定其残余状态。  相似文献   
74.
This paper introduces and evaluates a methodology for the aftershock seismic assessment of buildings taking explicitly into account residual drift demands after the mainshock (i.e., postmainshock residual interstory drifts, RIDRo). The methodology is applied to a testbed four‐story steel moment‐resisting building designed with modern seismic design provisions when subjected to a set of near‐fault mainshock–aftershock seismic sequences that induce five levels of RIDRo. Once the postmainshock residual drift is induced to the building model, a postmainshock incremental dynamic analysis is performed under each aftershock to obtain its collapse capacity and its capacity associated to demolition (i.e., the capacity to reach or exceed a 2% residual drift). The effect of additional sources of stiffness and strength (i.e., interior gravity frames and slab contribution) and the polarity of the aftershocks are examined in this study. Results of this investigation show that the collapse potential under aftershocks strongly depends on the modeling approach (i.e., the aftershock collapse potential is modified when additional sources of lateral stiffness and strength are included in the analytical model). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the aftershock capacity associated to demolition (i.e., the aftershock collapse capacity associated to a residual interstory drift that leads to an imminent demolition) is lower than that of the aftershock collapse capacity, which mean that this parameter should be a better measure of the building residual capacity against aftershocks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
75.
On September 19 and 20, 1985, two strong subduction interface earthquakes struck Mexico City leading to a large stock of damaged, or even collapsed, reinforced concrete (RC) building structures located in soft soil sites of the former lake-bed zone. The aim of this study is to gain further understanding on the effects of soft-soil seismic sequences on the seismic response of RC framed-buildings. This investigation employed artificial sequences since only two real sequences were gathered during the 1985 earthquakes. The nonlinear response, in terms of peak and residual lateral inter-story drift demands of four RC buildings having 4, 8, 12, and 16 stories, was evaluated. Results show that the relationship of the damaged period of the building (i.e. period of the building after the mainshock) to the predominant period of the aftershock, which is a measure of its frequency content, has a significant impact in the building response.  相似文献   
76.
In the water flooding of mixed-wet porous media, oil may drain down to relatively low residual oil saturations (Sor). Various studies have indicated that such low saturations can only be reached when oil layers in pore corners are included in the pore-scale modelling. These processes within a macroscopic porous medium can be modelled at the pore-scale by incorporating the fundamental physics of capillary dominated displacement within idealised pore network models. Recently, the authors have developed thermodynamic criteria for oil layer existence in pores with non-uniform wettability which takes as input geometrically and topologically representative networks, to calculate realistic Sor values for mixed-wet and oil-wet sandstones [16, 21]. This previous work is developed in this paper to include (i) the visualisation of the 3D structure of this residual oil, and (ii) a statistical analysis of this “residual/remaining” oil. Both the visualisation and the statistical analysis are done under a wide range of wettability conditions, which is reported for the first time in this paper.The structure of residual oil for strongly water wet systems is well known (where residual = remaining oil) and our model agrees with this but this structure changes radically for mixed wet systems (where residual  remaining) and this has not yet been visualised experimentally. We find that for more water-wet systems high final residual oil saturations are reached at relatively small amounts of water injected and this oil is present in the pores as bulk oil. On the other hand, for more oil-wet systems we find a slow decrease of the amount of remaining oil with increasing amounts of injected water. During the process, the remaining connectivity of the oil phase is increasingly provided by oil layers only, hence the slow drainage. The final residual oil saturation, only reached in the theoretical limit of an infinite amount of injected water, is almost entirely contained in large number of (relatively low volume) oil layers, which are present in pores of most radius sizes.  相似文献   
77.
宁夏及邻区地震震源衰减模型及震源参数研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
选取2003年1月至2011年12月宁夏及邻区发生的201个ML2.0以上地震事件进行反演, 用经验格林函数计算得到本区地震震源谱衰减模型。 在已知非弹性衰减系数和场地响应的条件下, 计算得到震源谱并研究了近震震级与拐角频率、 地震矩、 震源破裂半径及应力降之间的关系。 详细分析了震源参数误差大小及各种误差影响因素。 对剩余应力降时空演化特征分析研究结果表明: 高剩余应力降集中分布在宁夏北部宁蒙交界地区、 低剩余应力降分布在宁夏中部同心、 中卫一带, 银川盆地中南部的吴灵地区和宁夏南部海原断裂带中东段剩余应力降变化较为明显, 在时间分布上这两个区域剩余应力降在中强地震前均有降低—增强的趋势。  相似文献   
78.
79.
The Wulanmulun site found in 2010 is an important Paleolithic site in Ordos (China), from which lots of stone and bone artifacts and mammalian fossils have been recovered. It was previously dated by radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques on quartz. To further confirm the reliability of the chronology constructed based on OSL ages and test the applicability of the recently developed pIRIR procedure on sediments from northern China, twenty-four sediment samples (including eolian, lacustrine and fluvio-eolian sands) from the site were determined using the multi-elevated-temperature post-IR IRSL (MET-pIRIR or pIRIR) procedure on potassium feldspar. The results show that the studied samples have two MET-pIRIR De preheat plateaus (280–320 and 340–360 °C), and the bleaching rates of the luminescence signals are associated with sample ages and stimulation temperatures. All the pIRIR ages (7–155 ka) corrected for anomalous fading and residual dose obtained after solar bleaching for 15 h are larger than the corresponding quartz OSL ages (4–66 ka) previously determined, even for the young eolian samples (<10 ka). But the corrected IRSL(50 °C) ages (6–85 ka) are broadly consistent with the quartz ages. It appears that the IRSL(50 °C) ages are more reliable, although this contradicts the previously results obtained by other people. On the other hand, we also obtained an extended age plateau between the stimulation temperatures of 50 and 290 °C in the plot of age versus stimulation temperature (A-T plot) by subtracting different residual doses obtained after different bleaching times. The reliability of the plateau ages requires further investigation. For the sediment samples from this site, quartz should be more suitable for dating than K-feldspar, and the quartz OSL ages of 50–65 ka for its cultural layer should be reliable.  相似文献   
80.
X射线荧光光谱法测定重晶石中的硫酸钡方法研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
应用XRF可快速测定重晶石中钡元素的总量,但当测定硫酸钡含量时,由于样品中的碳酸钡计入钡量造成硫酸钡的测定结果不准确,铜、铅、锌等有色金属元素对熔样坩埚会造成损害,需要进行酸处理除去碳酸钡、铅等干扰。而样品经酸处理后不同样品的剩余量不同,造成熔剂与样品的比例不确定,也不能准确测定硫酸钡的含量,因此保证熔剂与样品比例一致是解决该问题的关键。本文优化了样品前处理、熔片制样和仪器工作条件,将一定量样品以10%盐酸和10%硝酸溶解,过滤除去碳酸钡、硫酸钙及铜、铅、锌等有色金属元素,未溶解样品在700℃下灼烧后以氧化铝补充到原取样量,实现了熔剂与样品比例一致,再以硝酸铵作氧化剂,溴化锂和碘化铵作脱模剂,1075℃熔融制片,即可用XRF准确测定硫酸钡的含量。本方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于0.4%,检出限为72μg/g,较ICP-OES等方法的检测周期短、干扰元素少,提高了测试效率和分析质量。  相似文献   
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