The concentration and distribution of different mercury species in the water columns and sediment of Aha Lake

In order to find out whether Aha Lake was polluted by the acid mining waste water or not, the concentration and distribution of different mercuryspecies in the water columns and sediment profile collected from Aha Lake were investigated. It was found that discernible seasonal variation of different mercury species in water body were obtained in the Aha Reservoir. With regards to the whole sampling periods, the concentrations of HgP in the Aha Reservoir water body were evidently correlated to the concentrations of total mercury, showing that total mercury was mostly associated with particle mercury. The concentrations of methylmercury in water body were also evidently correlated to the concentrations of dissolved mercury. The dissolved mercury evidently affects the distribution and transportation of methylmercury. However, there is no correlation between methylmercury and total mercury. The dissolved mercury, reactive mercury, dissolved methylmercury levels in the water body of high flow period were much higher than those in low flow period. The distribution, speciation and levels of mercury within the Aha Reservoir water body were governed by several factors, such as the output of river, the release of sediment . Discernible seasonal variation of total mercury and methylmercury in porewater was described during the sampling periods, with the concentrations in high flow period generally higher than those in low flow period. The methylmercury in pore water column was evidently correlated to that of the sediment. The results indicated that highly elevated MeHgD concentrations in the porewater were produced at the depths from 2 to 5 cm in the sediment profile, and decreased sharply with depth. A positive correlation has been found between MeHgD formation and sulfate reducing bacterial activity. These highly elevated concentrations of MeHgD at the intersurface between waters and sediments suggest a favorable methylation condition. Moreover,     

Lithofacies paleogeography mapping and reservoir prediction in tight sandstone strata: A case study from central Sichuan Basin,China

Sand-rich tight sandstone reservoirs are potential areas for oil and gas exploration. However, the high ratio of sandstone thickness to that of the strata in the formation poses many challenges and uncertainties to traditional lithofacies paleogeography mapping. Therefore, the prediction of reservoir sweet spots has remained problematic in the field of petroleum exploration. This study provides new insight into resolving this problem, based on the analyses of depositional characteristics of a typical modern sand-rich formation in a shallow braided river delta of the central Sichuan Basin, China. The varieties of sand-rich strata in the braided river delta environment include primary braided channels, secondary distributary channels and the distribution of sediments is controlled by the successive superposed strata deposited in paleogeomorphic valleys. The primary distributary channels have stronger hydrodynamic forces with higher proportions of coarse sand deposits than the secondary distributary channels. Therefore, lithofacies paleogeography mapping is controlled by the geomorphology, valley locations, and the migration of channels. We reconstructed the paleogeomorphology and valley systems that existed prior to the deposition of the Xujiahe Formation. Following this, rock-electro identification model for coarse skeletal sand bodies was constructed based on coring data. The results suggest that skeletal sand bodies in primary distributary channels occur mainly in the valleys and low-lying areas, whereas secondary distributary channels and fine deposits generally occur in the highland areas. The thickness distribution of skeletal sand bodies and lithofacies paleogeography map indicate a positive correlation in primary distributary channels and reservoir thickness. A significant correlation exists between different sedimentary facies and petrophysical properties. In addition, the degree of reservoir development in different sedimentary facies indicates that the mapping method reliably predicts the distribution of sweet spots. The application and understanding of the mapping method provide a reference for exploring tight sandstone reservoirs on a regional basis.     

三峡库区曾家棚滑坡变形特征与成因机制分析

2012年6月,三峡库区大溪河曾家棚发生滑坡,该滑坡在库水位变动和暴雨共同作用下发生,其发生发展过程及形成模式在三峡库区具有典型代表性。通过对比曾家棚滑坡以往勘查测绘资料和本次滑动变形实测及调查结果,对该滑坡影响因素和成因机制进行了分析,并提出了其发展变化演化过程,预测了其发展变化趋势及危害性,可为库区相似岸坡稳定性分析及监测预警提供借鉴。     

闽江水利工程引发的环境地质灾害问题初步研究

闽江干-支流上众多水利水电工程的建设运营,显著地改变了闽江干-支流的流速、流量、输砂量和挟砂能力等水动力场因素,也改变了沿江两岸的应力场强度与分布状态,导致闽江流水地质作用类型、强度及其时空分布与演化状态产生较大的变化,相伴产生日益突出的空间分布较广的、持续时间长的沿江两岸(含库区)的环境地质灾害问题。本文概要地就闽江水利工程建设运营与沿江及库区岸坡的失稳破坏危害、水口水库诱发地震灾害以及水利工程运营与水库下游河道稳定性变化及危害的关系等3方面问题进行初步的研究。研究表明:沿江库区及岸坡的失稳破坏灾害发生与水利工程运营具有明显的相关性,随运营时间的延续,灾害发生的频率显著提高; 水库蓄水拦砂致使大坝下游河床的流水侵蚀冲刷作用增强,这是导致水库下游河道形态变化、破坏并伴生沿江岸工程危害的重要因素; 水口水库蓄水加载及水化作用是诱发水口库区地震的重要因素,该水库诱发地震的余震时间持续长,在未来若干年内仍存在发生起伏性增强,或强度较大的并具破坏性地震的可能,对此应予高度重视并展开专项研究。同时提出,应开展水利工程引发的地质灾害的专项监测和预报分析研究,并建立水利工程环境地质灾害动态区域信息监测和预警预报系统。     

三峡库区地质灾害易损性模糊综合评价

地质灾害是灾害危险性对承灾体易损性综合作用的结果,减灾应从减少地质灾害的发生频率和降低其易损性入手,限于目前的科学水平,人们难以改变地质灾害的发生过程,那么降低地质灾害易损性就成为减灾的重要措施,因此进行灾害易损性评价就显得尤为重要。本文以三峡库区为研究区,选取人口密度、国内生产总值密度等指标,运用模糊综合评判对其进行了定量评估。由于各指标因子在地质灾害易损性中的作用具有模糊性,因此运用模糊模型进行评价具有一定的意义。将库区地质灾害易损性程度划分为4个等级,研究结果表明,三峡库区地质灾害易损性程度总体较高。易损度较高的地区应强化减灾意识、调整人口结构以及加大防灾投入,以降低本地区的地质灾害易损性。     

中国海相碳酸盐岩的分布及油气地质基础问题

中国海相碳酸盐岩在陆上与海域广泛分布,尤以陆上最具特色。中国大陆由小克拉通地块、微地块及其间的造山带镶嵌构成,发育于这些克拉通上的海相古生代盆地规模小、盆内分异明显、盆缘改造强烈,受中新生代巨厚沉积物覆盖,海相碳酸盐岩埋深大、热演化程度高,储集层非均质性强,油气成藏与分布复杂。自威远、靖边气田发现以来,尤其是近年塔河、普光、元坝、安岳等大型油气田发现以来,海相碳酸盐岩的油气勘探前景逐渐明朗。长期的勘探实践发现了海相碳酸盐岩发育礁滩体、白云岩、岩溶缝洞体、裂缝带等四类储集体,它们受沉积、成岩与构造演化的共同制约;礁/滩储层、斜坡区岩溶、风化壳岩溶、裂缝带均可大规模成藏。目前,海相碳酸盐岩的深化研究与持续勘探面临一系列重大难题。在基础科学层面,古老生物群落、古生态、古气候与古地理特征及其耦合关系,克拉通盆地的成因与构造-沉积分异机制,原始盆地面貌及其演化过程,沉积充填动力学等研究方面亟待加强;在油气勘探应用层面,在岩相古地理重建、碳酸盐岩台地边缘精细刻画与台地内部结构细化、碳酸盐岩储集层多期叠加改造机理、岩溶储集层成因分类、非均质碳酸盐岩储集层描述和评价技术等研究方面需要不断深入,在源-储配置、油气成藏过程、油气保存与调整再分配,油气富集规律方面需要深入探索。建议整体与动态研究海相碳酸盐岩层系的"成盆-成岩-成储-成藏"的全要素、全过程,厘定古裂陷槽、古台地、古隆起的分布,落实烃源岩、有利储集层(礁滩体、白云岩、顺层与层间岩溶、裂缝带等)的分布及其配置关系,构建符合实际的油气成藏模式,为油气资源潜力评价和有利区带预测奠定基础,促进中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的持续发现。     

脱气温度和样品粒径对致密砂岩低温氮气吸附实验结果的影响

基于静态体积法的低温氮气吸附实验已广泛用于分析致密储集层的孔隙结构。本文探索了脱气温度和样品粒径对松辽盆地高台子致密砂岩低温氮气吸附实验结果的影响。结果显示,110℃的脱气条件并不能清除束缚水而使得孔隙体积、比表面积均偏低,300℃的脱气条件容易破坏样品中黏土矿物的结构令孔隙体积、比表面积减小,200℃是比较合适的脱气温度,既能去除束缚水又不破坏黏土矿物结构。样品粒径从5～10目减小至10～30目,氮气探测的孔隙数量增多使比表面积、孔体积增大。从10～30目减小至180～200目,黏土矿物相对含量降低令比表面积、孔体积显著减小;小于200目的样品中减少的黏土矿物主要集中在大于200目的岩样中,因此大于200目岩样的测定结果最高。因此,10～30目是利用低温氮气吸附实验寻求分析致密砂岩储集层特征的最佳粒径范围。     

表面活性剂压裂液的防水锁增产机理实验

以进一步探索表面活性剂压裂液（1.5% KCl+0.05% AN）的防水锁增产机理为目的,采集河东煤田柳林地区沙曲矿的焦煤作为研究对象,通过表面张力和接触角测试、渗透率伤害实验、变压解吸实验,探讨煤储层水锁伤害的控制方法,揭示表面活性剂压裂液防水锁增产作用机理。研究结果表明：表面活性剂压裂液具有极低的表面张力和界面接触角,具备降低煤储层孔喉毛细管压力、增强压裂液可排性的能力,使得其水锁伤害率比活性水压裂液降低约40%,能够有效抑制煤储层的水锁伤害;这种防水锁作用不仅能够提高煤储层束缚水状态下的气相渗透率,实现增透增产,而且还能降低煤层气产出的临界孔径以促进煤层气解吸,实现增解增产。     

云南地热资源及其开发前景

云南地热异常多且显著。滇西高温水热活动区是藏滇水热带的南延，滇东断陷盆地中低温水热活动区的形成得益于独特的地质结构，滇西、滇南花岗岩地热系统则主要吸收地层中K^40同位索放射热而成。开发前景极为广阔。     

岩性油藏地震描述技术在准噶尔盆地春光油田的应用

准噶尔盆地春光油田新近系沙湾组岩性油藏埋藏浅、厚度薄、成岩作用差,勘探效果不理想。利用层拉平切片技术确定有利储集相带、分频技术雕刻砂体、类亮点特征检测流体、进一步采用拟声波+电阻率反演两步法鉴别流体,这一技术方法系列在春光油田的实际应用效果良好。用拟声波+电阻率反演两步法可以检测出无亮点特征的含油砂体或含水砂体。对于不具备类亮点特征的滩坝砂油藏的勘探,可由原来的应用类亮点特征直接找油转为寻找有效圈闭,并在此基础上应用合适的流体检测技术,这同样可以发现有利的滩坝砂油藏。