Influence of vegetation canopies on solar potential in urban environments

Solar energy is clearly a promising option among the many available sources of renewable energy, and its market has seen outstanding growth. Careful evaluation to determine suitable locations for photovoltaic installations is needed, however, as their efficiency is highly dependent on exposure to sun. Especially in urban environments, quantifying the shadows cast by other buildings and vegetation canopies may be essential. In the present study, we used light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the influence of shading vegetation on solar irradiation estimates in five European towns. The fraction of annual solar irradiation lost to shading by existing vegetation ranged between 3% and 11%. The fraction lost was higher in winter and lower in summer. Due to greater incoming solar radiation in summer, however, more than 50% of annual loss was accounted for in summer. We suggest that at the broad scale of whole cities the influence of vegetation on rooftop solar potential estimates is negligible (especially in densely populated areas). Analyses which do not consider vegetation because of data availability nevertheless provide valuable insight into localities' solar potential.     

一种近岸波浪动能发电装置

设计了一种近岸波浪动能发电设备,其特有的双通道结构可将海水的双向流动转化为叶轮的单向旋转。同时,根据近岸波浪能的特点,分析了近岸海水动能和远离海岸波浪波高的关系,研究了通过发电设备的水流速度和设备的流通面积。     

The evolution of the spatial-temporal patterns of global energy security since the 1990s

Journal of Geographical Sciences - In this study, we developed an energy security evaluation model (ESEM) from three dimensions, energy supply-transport security, safety of energy utilization, and...     

我国荒漠地区大规模太阳能的开发利用应该起步

简要介绍了荒漠地区作为未来大规模太阳能开发利用基地的重大意义、太阳能发电、能源植物繁殖与制氢的进展与展望。期望我国能与国际大体同步,积极在科技前沿开展有关的基础性、前瞻性与战略性的研究发展工作。     

The fate of waste in Hawaii: Technology assessment and solid waste planning in Hawaii, 1968–78

In this article I consider the initial period of solid waste management planning in the US state of Hawaii. The State encountered a number of economic and ecological controversies during its solid waste management planning, a process that was prompted by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Some issues, like project financing, were common across the US, while others, such as the potential of waste materials to reduce reliance on imported food and materials, were more unique to Hawaii. The controversies from this initial planning period were never quite fully resolved; as they lingered, they were interpreted differently across the Islands. Based on a close reading of government, advocacy group, waste industry and news media documents, I examine the controversies over solid waste management of the time and consider how the ‘dual nature’ of waste in Hawaii—simultaneously an ecological threat and (potential) economic input—shaped the adoption of solid waste management systems there. This article adds to an expanding literature examining infrastructure in environmental and technology histories.     

秦岭—淮河南北供暖格局变化及其影响因素

基于秦岭—淮河南北及其周边196个气象站点观测资料,构建实际和动态供暖指数,对中国南北过渡带供暖格局变化进行分析,并探讨冬季北极涛动（AO）异常与供暖效率的响应关系。结果表明：① 固定供暖策略下,1960-2016年秦岭—淮河南北实际供暖能耗偏高,呈现“南多北少,西低东高”的变化特征,且低纬度地区供暖需求下降信号早于高纬度;② 对比区域变暖前后,秦岭—淮河南北冬季供暖能耗1960-1990年和1990-2016年两阶段空间特征,发现“整体南高北低,北部东高西低”的格局并未发生变化,供暖南北波动界线依然维持在秦岭山脉—淮河平原中部;③ AO强弱波动与区域冬季供暖能耗具有明显的时空响应关系,是影响中国南北过渡带供暖格局变化的重要因素。当AO负相位时,除四川盆地和巫山山区之外,秦岭—淮河南北其他区域实际供暖能耗明显下降,特别是淮河平原和长江下游的过渡地带响应尤为明显,未来应该有针对性制定气候适应对策。     

Identifying the scope of the Lhasa Metropolitan Area based on a spatial field energy model

The cultivation and development of modern metropolitan areas with the aim of establishing new regional centers with competitive edge is a key objective for the new-type urbanization directions in China. The construction of the Lhasa Metropolitan Area is of great significance for the promotion of the South Asia Channel, the ‘Belt and Road' initiative, the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor, the Himalaya Economic Cooperation Zone, and for rapid development and long-term stability of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This paper examines the scope of the Lhasa Metropolitan Area including Chengguanqu(Chengguan District), Doilungdeqen, Dagze, Lhunzhub, Damxung, Nyemo, Quxu, Maizhokunggar, Samzhubze Qu(Samzhubze District), Gyangze, Rinbung, Bainang, Nedong, Gonggar, and Zhanang using a spatial field energy model that combines nodality and accessibility indices and considers multiple indicators including traffic flow between cities. By combining factors such as the natural background, population agglomeration, the social economy, infrastructure construction, and the urban spatial structure of the Lhasa Metropolitan Area, it is proposed to build a bow-and-arrow-shaped urban system with ‘one core, two centers, one axis, and two wings' along the valleys and the transportation trunk lines of the area. The study advocates the construction of a pure land industrial system comprising a green cultural and tourism-oriented plateau.     

中国生物质能产业发展面临的矛盾和挑战

本文在分析中国生物质能产业发展现状的基础上,认为当前中国生物质能产业发展受到资源家底不清、政策环境不完善和生态保护压力等因素制约,存在着产业发展总体水平低,产业体系不健全,生产成本高,产业技术水平低,行业发展无序等问题。结合这些问题,立足我国资源环境承载能力,适应市场需求变化和科技进步趋势,本文提出今后重点加强生物质能产业发展政策扶持,生物质能原料资源调查评估,生物质能转化利用技术开发和能源产业示范基地建设,以期促进生物质能产业健康快速发展。     

塔里木干旱区水稻田蒸发的实验研究

根据中科院06—02—01研究计划任务,作者于1990年开始在阿克苏水平衡站进行观测实验,获得了宝贵的第一手资料,并应用EBBR法(能量平衡——包文比法)计算了稻田的蒸发量。通过分析评价表明,由于受“绿洲效应”的影响,结果明显偏大,不符合物理规律,因此该法在干旱区绿洲的应用尚需更多的探索,有待进一步完善。     

城市能源消费碳排放特征及其机理分析 ——以广州市为例

采用表观能源消费数据进行分能源品种和分行业类型的碳排放总量核算,利用基于IDA理论和Kaya恒等式的LMDI模型对碳排放总量变化进行多要素的分解分析,在解析人口规模效应、经济产出效应、能源强度效应对碳排放影响机理的同时,进一步纳入人口结构性因素、产业结构性因素和能源结构性因素对碳排放的影响。以广州市为例,对其2003—2013年产业活动和居民消费2个部门碳排放的主要驱动因素进行时间序列分析,并定量研究各个影响因子在2003—2005、2005—2010和2010—2013年3个不同发展阶段的作用机理,主要研究结论如下：1）广州市能源消费及其碳排放前期以煤炭为主,近年来以石油为主,同时外购电力对广州市的能源消费结构优化影响显著。2）各影响因子对广州市碳排放总量变化的作用机理与影响机制在3个发展阶段各不相同,不同发展阶段的发展措施和政策背景对于各个影响因子的碳排放效应影响显著。3）总体分析,经济产出效应和人口规模效应是产业部门碳排放增长的最主要贡献因子;工业能源消费强度效应、工业能源消费结构效应和经济结构效应是遏制产业部门碳排放增长的最主要贡献因子。城镇居民收入效应是居民消费碳排放增长的最主要贡献因子,城镇居民能源消费强度效应是遏制居民消费碳排放增长的最主要贡献因子。