The 2003 earthquake swarm in Anjalankoski, south-eastern Finland

During May 2003 a swarm of 16 earthquakes (M_L = 0.6–2.1) occurred at Anjalankoski, south-eastern Finland. The activity lasted for three weeks, but additional two events were observed at the same location in October 2004. A comparison of the waveforms indicated that the source mechanisms and the hypocentres of the events were nearly identical.A relative earthquake location method was applied to better define the geometry of the cluster and to identify the fault plane associated with the earthquakes. The relocated earthquakes aligned along an ENE–WSW trending zone, with a lateral extent of about 1.0 km by 0.8 km. The relative location and the waveform-modelling of depth sensitive surface wave (Rg) and S-to-P converted body wave (sP) phases indicated that the events were unusually shallow, most likely occurring within the first 2 km of the surface. The revised historical earthquake data confirm that shallow swarm-type seismicity is characteristic to the area.The focal mechanism obtained as a composite solution of the five strongest events corresponds to dip-slip motion along a nearly vertical fault plane (strike = 250°, dip = 80°, rake = 90°). The dip and strike of this nodal plane as well as the relocated hypocentres coincide with an internal intrusion boundary of the Vyborg rapakivi batholith.The events occur under a compressive local stress field, which is explained by large gravitational potential energy differences and ridge-push forces. Pore-pressure changes caused by intrusion of ground water and/or radon gas into the fracture zones are suggested to govern the swarm-type earthquake activity.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BED SCOUR IN A 90°CHANNEL BEND

The special feature of bend flow leads to scouring of the bed and bank. Various parameters like flow depth, flow velocity or discharge, geometry of bend and characteristics of bed material may affect the scour process. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of some important parameters on bend scour under clear water condition. Experiments were conducted in a 0.6m wide and 0.7m high flume with 90 degree bend. The lateral variations of bed slope were studied. The maximum depth of scour was correlated to densimetric Froude number, relative bend radius and relative depth of flow.     

地震精确定位问题(综述)

本文综述了地震定位问题的历史沿革和最新进展。着重介绍了用在地震定位问题上的地球物理反演方法,尤其是相对定位方法的原理、优点以及存在的局限性。目的是提供从事这一领域研究工作的人员参考。     

用双子地震相干函数法对常熟震群进行精确相对定位

采用双子地震相干函数分析法利用江苏区域遥测地震台网数字化资料对2001年11月3-14日发生在江苏省常熟-张家港间的震群进行精确相对定位。主参考地震用区域地壳结构重新定位。结果表明:(1)主参考地震与区域遥测地震台网的定位相比偏离了10.61 km;(2)震群中地震的平面位置更集中;(3)各次地震的震源深度体现了震群特征。本文还对震群与构造的关系进行了分析,推测可能与顾山-虞山断裂有关。     

黑土区土壤水分含量对大豆产量构成因素的影响

本研究旨在分析黑土区（黑龙江）土壤有效水分贮存量对大豆产量构成因素的影响,以期为大豆生产防灾减灾提供科学依据。利用1994—2017年黑龙江省大豆主产区的发育期、土壤水分、产量结构资料分析了大豆不同发育阶段土壤有效水分贮存量的时空分布规律、基于土壤相对湿度指数（R_sm）的干旱等级划分规律及有效水分贮存量对大豆不同发育阶段产量结构各因素的影响。结果表明：1994—2017年研究区各发育阶段平均有效水分贮存量在14—18 mm之间变化,共发生干旱82站次,其中轻旱77站次,中旱5站次,没有发生重旱和特旱,其中开花—结荚期、结荚—鼓粒期发生干旱频次较高,且1994—2017年研究区域发生干旱的频次是逐年降低的。大豆的气象产量、株结实粒数、株籽粒重与不同发育期的各层次的土壤有效水分贮存量相关性不大;百粒重与三叶至开花期的20—50 cm土层、结荚—鼓粒期的0—20 cm土壤有效水分贮存量相关性较大;茎秆重与播种至出苗期的30—50 cm土壤有效水分贮存量呈显著正相关;播种至开花期土壤中的有效水分贮存量尤其是深层土壤在一定范围内越多,株荚数越多;空秕荚率与播种至出苗期的0—20 cm和30—40 cm、出苗至三叶期的30—40 cm土壤有效水分贮存量相关性较大。     

Near-optimal control of a wave energy device in irregular waves with deterministic-model driven incident wave prediction

This paper investigates wave-by-wave control of a wave energy converter using incident wave prediction based on up-wave surface elevation measurement. The goal of control is to approach the hydrodynamically optimum velocity leading to optimum power absorption. This work aims to study the gains in energy conversion from a deterministic wave propagation model that accounts for a range of group velocities in deriving the prediction. The up-wave measurement distance is assumed to be small enough to allow a deterministic propagation model, and further, both wave propagation and device response are assumed to be linear. For deep water conditions and long-crested waves, the propagation process is also described using an impulse response function (e.g. [1]). Approximate low and high frequency limits for realistic band-limited spectra are used to compute the corresponding group velocity limits. The prediction time into the future is based on the device impulse response function needed for the evaluation of the control force. The up-wave distance and the duration of measurement are then determined using the group velocity limits above.A 2-body axisymmetric heaving device is considered, for which power capture is through the relative heave oscillation between the two co-axial bodies. The power take-off is assumed to be linear and ideal as well as capable of applying the necessary resistive and reactive load components on the relative heave oscillation. The predicted wave profile is used along with device impulse response functions to compute the actuator force components at each instant. Calculations are carried out in irregular waves generated using a number of uni-modal wave spectra over a range of energy periods and significant wave heights. Results are compared with previous studies based on the use of instantaneous up-wave wave-profile measurements, both without and with oscillation constraints imposed. Considerable improvements in power capture are observed with the present approach over the range of wave conditions studied.     

和硕5．0级地震前乌鲁木齐基准地震台钻孔应变异常分析

运用潮汐因子、加卸载响应比及相对应力场等分析方法,对1995年3月19日发生的新疆和硕MS5.0地震前乌鲁木齐基准地震台钻孔应变观测数据进行了分析处理。结果表明,在地震前30天应变日均值出现了典型的指数曲线异常;在地震前1个月相对应力发生快速变化,主应力方向也发生了快速偏转;全日波潮汐因子地震前1个月到地震前半个月期间,出现了大幅度的单峰或双峰异常变化;加卸载响应比值在地震前2个多月就开始出现成束的异常。可以认为和硕地震前乌鲁木齐基准地震台钻孔应变记录到了明显前兆短临异常。     

Effects of wettability and pore-level displacement on hydrocarbon trapping

We use a three-dimensional mixed-wet random network model representing Berea sandstone to extend our previous work on relative permeability hysteresis during water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection cycles [Suicmez, VS, Piri, M, Blunt, MJ, 2007, Pore-scale simulation of water alternate gas injection, Transport Porous Med 66(3), 259–86]. We compute the trapped hydrocarbon saturation for tertiary water-flooding, which is water injection into different initial gas saturations, S_gi, established by secondary gas injection after primary drainage. Tertiary water-flooding is continued until all the gas and oil is trapped. We study four different wettability conditions: water-wet, weakly water-wet, weakly oil-wet and oil-wet. We demonstrate that the amounts of oil and gas that are trapped show surprising trends with wettability that cannot be captured using previously developed empirical trapping models. We show that the amount of oil that is trapped by water in the presence of gas increases as the medium becomes more oil-wet, which is opposite from that seen for two-phase flow. It is only through a careful analysis of displacement statistics and fluid configurations that these results can be explained. This illustrates the need to have detailed models of the displacement processes that represent the three-phase displacement physics as carefully as possible. Further work is needed to explore the full range of behavior as a function of wettability and displacement path.     

Effects of advection, turbulence and radiation on formation of seafog——A theoretical analysis

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