Rehabilitation of Rangelands in Paulshoek, Namaqualand: Understanding vegetation change using biophysical manipulations

In Namaqualand, heavy grazing of low-lying areas has resulted in the reduction of palatable perennial shrubs and the dominance of the unpalatable shrub, Galenia africana. This study investigates the process of rehabilitation and how it can be used to gain an understanding of the ecological factors that may be sustaining altered vegetation states. We intervened to change the biophysical environment through the construction of microcatchments and brushpacks to act as traps for water, seed and organic material combined with the introduction of seeds and seedlings were implemented. Two years after implementation brushpacked microhabitats improved natural recruitment of herbaceous species compared to bare areas at two out of three sites. Microhabitats did not influence natural recruitment of perennial seedlings. Emergence of palatable perennial seed was not influenced by microhabitat manipulation. Seedlings transplanted under adult G. africana shrubs showed higher survival rates at two out of three sites compared to seedlings in unmodified areas.     

Seismic stability of concrete gravity dams strengthened by rockfill buttressing

Rockfill buttressing resting on the downstream face of masonry or concrete gravity dam is often considered as a strengthening method to improve the stability of existing dam for hydrostatic and seismic loads. Simplified methods for seismic stability analysis of composite concrete-rockfill dams are discussed. Numerical analyses are performed using a nonlinear rockfill model and nonlinear dam-rockfill interface behavior to investigate the effects of backfill on dynamic response of composite dams. A typical 35 m concrete gravity dam, strengthened by rockfill buttressing is considered. The results of analyses confirm that backfill can improve the seismic stability of gravity dams by exerting pressure on the dam in opposition to hydrostatic loads. According to numerical analyses results, the backfill pressures vary during earthquake base excitations and the inertia forces of the backfill are the main source for those variations. It is also shown that significant passive (or active) pressure cannot develop in composite dams with a finite backfill width. A simplified model is also proposed for dynamic analysis of composite dam by replacing the backfill with by a series of vertical cantilever shear beams connected to each other and to the dam by flexible links.     

塔里木盆地西南缘侏罗纪含煤岩系聚煤规律

通过对塔里木西南缘含煤盆地侏罗系内沉积物的厚度，岩相，沉积相及其组合分带特征研究，结合岩石（层）结构，构造，矿物成份，古生物，垂直层序以及空间形态等成因标志，进行沉积相分析，总结了含煤盆地古地理类型属于内陆山间盆地型的山间湖盆亚型，聚煤规律为富煤,带，即相当于煤层聚集带，富煤中心与凹陷中心一致，煤层累计厚度与地层厚度呈正相关关系，另一规律是砂泥岩比值低的地区即为成煤有利地带，累计厚度与砂泥岩比值呈负相关关系。     

光成截面摄影测量及其试验与应用

本文叙述光成截面摄影测量理论和实践。光成截面摄影测量是利用量测摄影机拍摄激光靶点在水坝排沙洞体内形成的剖面边缘点,而在继后的摄影测量处理中获得包括竣工剖面图在内的多种测量成果。文中阐述了此量测手段各个环节中的作业方法、限差和精度,并提出了一种改造经纬仪为激光截面测量仪的方案。试验证明,光成截面摄影测量。较常规的剖面近景摄影测量有处理简单、产品直观逼真、可靠性高等优点;相对常规工程测量,不仅产品多样、精度高,而且效率可成倍增长。     

An improvement on the method of the pattern recognition ICHAM and its application

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The dynamics of Nordic urban systems during the 1980s

The paper will focus on the classification of urban systems over time as an aid in uncovering factors impacting urban growth or decline. Methodologically the point of departure is the Noyelle & Stanback (1983) classification of North American cities, modified by recent advances and the specific Nordic situation. The method will be applied to the Nordic city-system and its restructuration during the 1980s with emphasis on relations between city size, type and growth. The main finding of the empirical case is the nearly ubiquitous growth of the larger diversified cities as a result of the preponderance of the most dynamic services in their production systems. Conversely, typical industrial production centres have generally suffered a decline in relative and partly absolute terms as a consequence of technological restructuring and fewer opportunities for replacing lost manufacturing employment by new service activities.     

河网型城市商业中心识别与空间结构特征——以江苏省淮安市为例

城市商业中心是指在城区范围内,零售、餐饮、文化娱乐、金融、商务、住宿等服务业在空间上集中,密集度高于城市其他区域的地区。以河网型城市江苏省淮安市为研究对象,抓取城市商业活动类的餐饮、购物、休闲娱乐、商务POI设施点数据,采用核密度估计、空间维信息熵和最小生成树方法,从整体和各业态分别识别商业中心的边界范围与等级结构,同时结合各业态商业的叠合特征,界定城市各级商业中心区的类型。结果表明:淮安市商业中心分市级、区级、社区级3个等级,主要集中在盐河和里运河之间的原清河区和淮阴老城区,形成以淮海广场为中心的极化分布特征。随着商业中心等级由高到低,空间分布形态从规模团状集聚逐渐转变为规模带状和小规模沿街分布。     

Highly magnetised and differentiated basalts at the 18–19° S propagating spreading centre in the North Fiji Basin

Geochemical and magnetic properties of basalts dredged along a propagating spreading centre (central part of the North Fiji Basin) have been analysed. Two phenomena appear to be important in controlling variations of natural remanent magnetisation (NRM): 1) an extensive magma differentiation to Fe-Ti basalts increases with the intensity of NRM; and both increase towards the propagator tip, 2) low temperature oxidation (maghemitisation) seems to have already occurred along the ridge axis for the zero age basalts. This paper shows that despite the apparent lack of correlation between NRM and the maghemitisation process (masked by the effect of extensive magma differentiation), the latter involves a change of the domain state of magnetic carriers, from pseudo single-domain to single-domain. We separated the NRM into 4 partial NRMs (pNRM) depending on the coercivity of grains. This analysis showed that the contribution to the remanence of grains with high coercivity increases with maghemitisation, whereas the contribution of grains with weak coercivity decreases.Despite the relatively high degree of maghemitisation, the variations of natural remanent magnetisation intensity principally reflect the variations of magmatic processes. This joint work on magnetic and magmatic properties of basalts collected on the NS-propagating spreading centre from the North Fiji Basin reinforces the magnetic telechemistry hypothesis of Vogt (1979).