Fine-grained Pleistocene deepwater turbidite channel system on the slope of Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea

Recently, as oil exploitation has become focused on deepwater slope areas, more multi-channel high resolution 2D and 3D seismic data were acquired in the deepwater part of the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea. Based on 3D seismic data and coherence time slice, RMS and 3D visualization, a series of deepwater channels were recognized on the slope that probably developed in the late Quaternary period. These channels trend SW–NE to W–E and show bifurcations, levees, meander loops and avulsions. High Amplitude Reflections (HARs), typical for channel–levee complexes, are of only minor importance and were observed in one of the channel systems. Most of the detected channels are characterized by low-amplitude reflections, and so are different from the typical coarse-grained turbidite channels that had been discovered worldwide. The absence of well data in the study area made it difficult to determine the age and lithology of these channels. Using a neighboring drill hole and published data about such depositional systems worldwide, the lithology of these channels is likely to be dominated by mudstones with interbedded thin sandstones. These channels are formed by turbidity currents originated from the little scale mountain river of mid-Vietnam in SW direction and were probably accompanied by a relative sea level drop in the last glacial age. These channels discovered on the northern South China Sea slope are likely to be fine-grained, mud-dominant and low N:G deposits in a deepwater paleogeographic setting.     

The effect of bathymetric filtering on nearshore process model results

Nearshore wave and flow model results are shown to exhibit a strong sensitivity to the resolution of the input bathymetry. In this analysis, bathymetric resolution was varied by applying smoothing filters to high-resolution survey data to produce a number of bathymetric grid surfaces. We demonstrate that the sensitivity of model-predicted wave height and flow to variations in bathymetric resolution had different characteristics. Wave height predictions were most sensitive to resolution of cross-shore variability associated with the structure of nearshore sandbars. Flow predictions were most sensitive to the resolution of intermediate scale alongshore variability associated with the prominent sandbar rhythmicity. Flow sensitivity increased in cases where a sandbar was closer to shore and shallower. Perhaps the most surprising implication of these results is that the interpolation and smoothing of bathymetric data could be optimized differently for the wave and flow models. We show that errors between observed and modeled flow and wave heights are well predicted by comparing model simulation results using progressively filtered bathymetry to results from the highest resolution simulation. The damage done by over smoothing or inadequate sampling can therefore be estimated using model simulations. We conclude that the ability to quantify prediction errors will be useful for supporting future data assimilation efforts that require this information.     

Numerical Simulation of Spatial Lag Between Wave Breaking Point and Location of Maximum Wave-Induced Current

A quasi three-dimensional numerical model of wave-driven coastal currents with the effects of surface rollers is developed for the study of the spatial lag between the location of the maximum wave-induced current and the wave breaking point.The governing equations are derived from Navier-Stokes equations and solved by the hybrid method combining the fractional step finite different method in the horizontal plane with a Galerkin finite element method in the vertical direction.The surface rollers effects are considered through incorporating the creation and evolution of the roller area into the free surface shear stress.An energy equation facilitates the computation process which transfers the wave breaking energy dissipation to the surface roller energy.The wave driver model is a phase-averaged wave model based on the wave action balance equation.Two sets of laboratory experiments producing breaking waves that generated longshore currents on a planar beach are used to evaluate the model's performance.The present wave-driven coastal current model with the roller effect in the surface shear stress term can produce satisfactory results by increasing the wave-induced nearshore current velocity inside the surf zone and shifting the location of the maximum longshore current velocity landward.     

长江入海泥沙的变化趋势与上海滩涂资源的可持续利用

在分析1950年以来系列监测资料的基础上,对今后20年长江入海泥沙量和口门区5 m等深线以浅滩涂的冲淤趋势作了初步估计,结果表明:(1) 人类活动已导致长江入海泥沙通量减少约2/3.大通站输沙率从20世纪60年代后期开始出现趋势性下降,尤其是80年代后期以来输沙率下降加快.1996～2005年的输沙率(2.80亿t/a)比1956～1965年的输沙率(5.04亿t/a)下降了2.04亿t/a,降幅达44%;三峡水库蓄水后的2003～2005年大通站输沙率(1.89亿t/a)比1956～1965年降低63%.(2) 滩涂淤涨速率明显下降.河口口门区4大滩涂(崇明东滩、横沙东滩、九段沙和南汇东滩)的合计淤涨速率在1958～1977年、1977～1996年和1996～2004年3个时段分别为19.1、5.1和4.9 km2/a.(3) 目前上海5 m等深线以上的滩涂面积主要分布在口门4大滩涂,它们分别是崇明东滩(701 km2)、横沙东滩(464 km2)、九段沙(410 km2)和南汇东滩(462 km2),占总面积的80%.(4) 考虑北槽深水航道工程的影响后得出,大通站输沙率(108 t/a)和口门区4大滩涂淤涨速率(km2/a)之间的关系为Y=9.51X-29.1,r=0.925.预测表明:2006～2015年和2016～2025年时段大通站平均输沙率估计将分别降至1.5和1.2亿t/a左右.根据上述关系,2006～2015年和2016～2025年时段口门4大滩涂5 m等深线以上面积将分别蚀退148和177 km2,即20年累计损失占现有面积的13.8%.在现有工程条件下,今后20年口门的4大滩涂5 m等深线以上的面积累计损失可能为10%左右.因此,作为上海滩涂资源主要来源的长江口门区滩涂淤涨速率在自然条件下随着长江入海泥沙的减少而迅速下降,若无有效的工程保护措施,今后随着长江来沙的进一步降低将出现净的蚀退.采取适当的工程促淤措施,利用高悬沙浓度的有利条件,上海仍可望获得新的滩涂,以实现滩涂资源的可持续利用.     

象山港内三维动边界潮流的数值模拟

象山港是一具有广阔潮滩和大潮差区域的半封闭型海湾,进行数值模拟时必须引入动边界技术来考虑露漫滩的影响.在二维模式中引入动边界技术相对成熟一些,而将这些二维模式使用的露漫滩处理方法简单地搬入三维模式中,常遇到由于边界不连续变动而产生的数值"噪音"及计算不稳定现象.原始POM(Princeton ocean model)模型采用固定边界,没有使用动边界技术,故无法模拟漫滩流.借鉴BURCHARD et al 2004年的研究工作,在原始POM模型的基础上,突破其为固定边界模式的局限,基于尽量使模式物理上满足流动简化需要的原则,引入了一种较为自然的动边界处理技术,使得在非常浅水处和复杂的地形情况下,应用合理的数学表达式体现该物理过程.当总水深大于设定的临界水深时,体现的数学方程是通常形式的动量方程;而当总水深接近设定的最小允许水深时,模型的动量方程被简化为变化率、摩擦力和正压梯度等项之间的平衡关系,此时由于摩擦力占优,相应的流速也会趋于0,这样可以有效避免计算中出现负水深.除在非常浅水处对动量方程作简化外,对于陡坡地形附近的露漫滩问题,当发生一个网格点上的水位低于相邻格点海床的现象时,还需对正压梯度的求解作一个简单的数值处理,以避免不合理值的出现.此外,通过修改原始POM模型的底摩擦系数表达式,可使模型在模拟露漫滩过程时计算更加稳定.改进后的POM模型被用来模拟象山港海域内的三维潮流场,模型计算结果与2个潮位站、1个锚系站和2个船测连续站资料进行了比较,符合良好.整个模型很好地再现了象山港内大区域三维涨、落潮流特征和变化规律,同时象山港顶区域涨憩、落急、落憩和涨急4个特征时刻的流场水平和垂直分布变化过程反映该模型能很好地反映涨、落潮造成的潮间带的露漫滩过程,由此说明对原始POM模型所作的修改是十分有效和可行的,有利于进一步扩充POM模型的应用范围.     

往复海流作用下桩基局部冲刷及海底沉积物粒度变化

根据胶州湾海湾大桥现场试桩结果,对海流作用下桩基局部冲刷进行了研究。通过对桩柱附近实测海流以及试桩前后桩柱周边海底沉积物粒度变化联合分析,发现桩柱竖立后,桩柱根部优势流迎流面发生局部冲刷,侧面和背流面发生局部淤积。桩柱附近海底沉积物粗化,且根部优势流迎流面海底沉积物粗化最为明显。说明桩柱竖立后,细颗粒物质迁移,使桩柱附近海底发生冲淤变化。     

前兆数字化设备供电电源的远程监控

介绍了实现前兆数字化设备供电电源远程监控的方法,详细阐明了实现该方法的电路及软件修改步骤,展示了该方法在云南的使用情况.     

内潮对吕宋海峡地转流动力计算的影响

利用2008年8~9月份吕宋海峡121°E断面上19.5°N~21°N之间4个连续站的CTD资料,讨论了内潮引起的温、盐剖面扰动对地转流诊断计算的影响,指出:在吕宋海峡,内潮引起的温、盐剖面扰动对地转流诊断计算的干扰不可忽略。因此,地转流诊断计算必须剔除温、盐剖面中的"内潮噪声"。另外,本文根据4个连续站时间平均后的温、盐剖面,通过动力计算法得到了吕宋海峡121°E断面上的地转流场,得出结论如下:吕宋海峡地转流速度较大部分多位于350 m以浅,流速最大值出现在表层;黑潮入侵南海主要发生于19.8°N~21°N的上层;在19.5°N~21°N之间,50~1 700 m深度范围内,海水体积通量呈现"上进下出"的垂向结构,350 m以浅为入流,流量约为2.6 Sv(1 Sv=1×106m3.s-1),350 m以深为出流,流量约为3.1 Sv。同期观测所得121°E断面上的盐度分布验证了本文所得地转流场的合理性。     

Observation of currents in the southern Yellow Sea in the summers of 2001 and 2003

Long term current observations in the southern Yellow Sea are very scarce because of the intense fishing and trawling activities. Most of the previous studies on tides and circulation were not rigorously validated with direct current measurements. In this study, tidal and sub-tidal currents were examined using current profiles from three bottom-moored Sontek Acoustic Doppler Profilers （ADPs） deployed in the southern Yellow Sea in the summers of 2001 and 2003. The measured current time series were dominated by tidal currents. The maximum velocities were between 40-80 cm s^-1 at the mooring stations. The M2 current was the dominant primary tidal constituent, while the MS4 and M4 components produced the most significant shallow water tidal currents with much weaker amplitudes. The measured mean sub-tidal velocities were less than 5 cmsl. The mean flows in the lower layer implied that an anti-cyclonic circulation pattern might exist in the deeper central Yellow Sea. However, the previously expected cyclonic circulation pattern in the upper layer was not clearly shown by the observations.     

烟台市自来水管理信息系统的设计与实践

结合烟台市自来水管理实际,介绍了基于ArcGIS的烟台市自来水管理信息系统的设计方案,阐述了系统开发平台、设计思路、系统设计流程和系统功能,着重说明了用户与技术人员交互性扩展系统功能的构想。