基于改进的BP神经网络构建区域精密对流层延迟模型

利用神经网络算法挖掘海量数据的规律已成为科技发展的一种趋势,本文针对卫星信号的天顶对流层延迟进行建模.对流层延迟是影响卫星定位精度的重要因素之一,建立精密区域对流层模型对高精度定位有着重要的意义.对区域测站对流层延迟数据的分析,考虑到实时建模中传统BP（Back Propagation）神经网络计算量大,易出现"过拟合"现象、不稳定等因素,通过改进的BP神经网络建立了区域精密对流层模型.详细介绍了新模型的建立过程,并与常用的对流层区域实时模型进行了对比.还讨论了建模测站数目对预报精度的影响.相比现有的其他对流层延迟模型,基于改进的BP神经网络构建的区域精密对流层延迟模型无论在拟合和预报方面都有较好的精度,且随着测站数目的增加模型精度趋于平稳.改进的模型参数较少,可以进行实时的区域精密对流层延迟改正;需要播发的信息量小,适用于连续运行参考站系统（Continuously Operating Reference Stations,CORS）的应用.研究表明：改进的BP神经网络模型能够更好的充分利用大规模历史数据描述卫星信号对流层延迟的空间分布情况,适用于实时大区域精密对流层建模.基于日本地区2005年近1000多个测站的NCAR（National Center Atmospheric Research）对流层数据进行区域对流层延迟建模,结果表明改进的BP神经网络模型在拟合和预报精度上都有较大提升,RMSE（Root Mean Square Error）分别为：7.83 mm和8.52 mm,而四参数模型拟合、预报RMSE分别18.03 mm和16.60 mm.     

Gravity field and tectonic features of Block L2 in the Lamu basin,Kenya

A gravity survey on the scale of 1: 250 000 was carried out in Block L2 located in the Lamu basin of south‐east Kenya in order to study tectonic features and find out favourable petroleum prospects in the block. This paper, through data processing and synthetic interpretation of the measured gravity data in the block, discusses characteristics of the gravity field and their geological implications, determines the fault system and the basement depth, analyses features of the main strata, divides structure units and predicts favourable petroleum zones. In the block, the regional gravity anomaly is mainly caused by the inclined Moho surface that rises in the east and subsides in the west topographically and the Bouguer gravity anomaly primarily reflects the superimposition of the gravity effect derived from the Moho surface and the basement relief. Two groups of faults extending NW (NWW) and NE (NEE) respectively are dominant in the block and their activities resulted in the framework of east‐west zoning and south‐north blocking. The basement depth greatly changes in an alternative high and low pattern. The Permian‐Triassic, Jurassic and Tertiary strata are extensively developed, while the Cretaceous is only developed in the east of the block. Structurally, the block can be divided into five units, of which the Tana sag shows excellent source‐reservoir‐seal associations and is a favourable target for future petroleum exploration.     

High‐accuracy practical spline‐based 3D and 2D integral transformations in potential‐field geophysics

Potential, potential field and potential‐field gradient data are supplemental to each other for resolving sources of interest in both exploration and solid Earth studies. We propose flexible high‐accuracy practical techniques to perform 3D and 2D integral transformations from potential field components to potential and from potential‐field gradient components to potential field components in the space domain using cubic B‐splines. The spline techniques are applicable to either uniform or non‐uniform rectangular grids for the 3D case, and applicable to either regular or irregular grids for the 2D case. The spline‐based indefinite integrations can be computed at any point in the computational domain. In our synthetic 3D gravity and magnetic transformation examples, we show that the spline techniques are substantially more accurate than the Fourier transform techniques, and demonstrate that harmonicity is confirmed substantially better for the spline method than the Fourier transform method and that spline‐based integration and differentiation are invertible. The cost of the increase in accuracy is an increase in computing time. Our real data examples of 3D transformations show that the spline‐based results agree substantially better or better with the observed data than do the Fourier‐based results. The spline techniques would therefore be very useful for data quality control through comparisons of the computed and observed components. If certain desired components of the potential field or gradient data are not measured, they can be obtained using the spline‐based transformations as alternatives to the Fourier transform techniques.     

新疆博格达山北麓山前断裂西段的断裂组成及其在全新世时期的活动

博格达山北麓山前断裂西段全长１４０ ｋｍ ,由５ 条雁列状排列的逆断裂组成。全新世时期,古牧地断裂的最新活动发生在６．８２±０．５４～４．８７±０．３９ Ｋａ Ｂ．Ｐ．之间;四工河口断裂切割Ⅱ级河流阶地,最新活动时间与古牧地断裂大体相同;泉泉子断裂切割Ⅰ级河流阶地,最新活动发生在３．７５±０．４１ Ｋａ Ｂ．Ｐ．;热水河断裂及东风牧场断裂由于缺乏断代年龄实测数据,无法对其最新活动时间作出判断,但是推断它们也是全新世活断裂     

3D Gravity Inversion by Growing Bodies and Shaping Layers at Mt. Vesuvius (Southern Italy)

To improve our knowledge of the structural pattern of Mt. Vesuvius and its magmatic system, which represents one of the three volcanoes located in the Neapolitan area (together with Campi Flegrei and Ischia; southern Italy), we analyze here the Bouguer gravity map that is already available through its interpretation by means of 2.5-dimensional modelling. We have carried out a three-dimensional interpretation using a new and original algorithm, known as ‘Layers’, that has been especially processed for this purpose. Layers works in an automatic and non-subjective way, and allows the definition of the structural settings in terms of several layers, each representing a specific geological formation. The same data are also interpreted in terms of isolated and shallow anomalous density bodies using a well tested algorithm known as ‘Growth’. We focus our inversions on the Mt. Vesuvius volcano, while globally analyzing the entire Neapolitan area, in order to investigate the deep structures, and in particular the deep extended ‘sill’ that has been revealed by seismic tomography. The final models generally confirm the global setting of the area as outlined by previous investigations, mainly for the shape and depth of the carbonate basement below Mt. Vesuvius. The presence of lateral density contrasts inside the volcano edifice is also shown, which was only hypothesized in the 2.5-dimensional inversion. Moreover, the models allow us to note a high density body that rises from the top of the carbonate basement and further elongates above sea level. This probably represents an uprising of the same basement, which is just below the volcano and which coincides with the V_P and V_P/V_S anomalies detected under the crater. The three-dimensional results also reveal that the two inversion methods provide very similar models, where the high density isolated body in the Growth model can be associated with the rising high density anomaly in the Layers model. Taking into account the density of these modelled bodies, we would also suggest that they represent solidified magma bodies, as suggested by other studies. Finally, we did not clearly detect any deep anomalous body that can be associated with the sill that was suggested by seismic tomography.     

强震人员损失回归预测方法

在回顾近年对地震人员损失预测的研究工作的基础上,根据USGS的PAGER系统中地震人员损失回归模型,利用发生在1970-2008年间的128条地震现场调查灾害记录建立了我国东、西部区域适用的地震人员损失预测模型;并利用发生在1980-2007年间的234条地震损失记录建立了地震人员重伤数与人员死亡数的回归关系;最后利用模型对2008年四川汶川地震的人员损失进行评估计算,得到了与实际震害损失相接近的评估结果。     

多网重力数据联合平差和系统误差改正

华北地区现行的地震重力监测网由于独立联测, 自成体系, 绝对控制点较少, 获得的重力场动态变化图像在绝对控制较弱的地区会产生畸变, 也不能有效的消除仪器标定系统所引起的测量误差。 本文以华北大网作为控制网, 结合绝对重力点进行联合平差计算, 使各省区地震重力监测网平差精度提高了(0~4)×10^-8 m/s², 平差起算基准相统一, 绝对控制较弱的地区畸变减小。 采用相关系数检验法, 对华北地区各省区地震重力监测网2010年二期重力平差计算结果进行检验, 部分重力点位系统误差高达60×10^-8 m/s², 经过系统误差改正后, 重力场动态变化趋于一致。 经过各项改正后, 华北地区2010年重力场动态差分图像对地震前兆具有更好的反映。     

北天山中段时变重力场离散小波多尺度分解

利用北天山地区2016～2019年观测的4期流动重力观测资料,分析研究一年尺度的重力场动态变化特征,并利用小波分析方法,将不同场源深度的重力异常进行分离。通过功率谱分析,获取各阶小波重力细节对应的场源深度。研究结果表明,2017年8月9日精河M_S6.6地震前,震中位于负值集中区,四阶小波重力细节显示震中附近出现明显的四象限分布;2020年1月16日库车M_S5.6地震前,震中位于负值区,小波重力细节整体量值较小;功率谱估算的场源近似深度与2次地震的震源深度相近。     

河南区域地震前兆台网运行维护与管理

对近两年河南区域地震前兆台网的观测仪器和技术系统中出现的典型情况进行了全面分析总结,阐述了维护过程中的一些方法,提出了对仪器与技术系统的一些问题与建议。     

Is there a hidden near surface salt diapir in the Guelma Basin,north-east of Algeria?

The diapiric province of north-eastern Algeria and Tunisia extends NE–SW over several hundreds of kilometres. Available, geophysical and geological investigations were focused on the study of known diapiric outcrop. In contrast to the existing work, our study is focused on to identify a new hidden near surface salt diapir in the Guelma Basin, north-east of Algeria.Integrated geophysical study comprising aeromagnetic, gravimetric and DC resistivity data calibrated with existing well information provides new insights into the geometry of the geologic structure of Guelma Basin. Spatial correlation between magnetic low, strong gravity minimum and resistivity high reveal a hidden near surface salt diapir. The Guelma salt diapir is topped by a local topographic high which follows exactly the underlying salt body. Joint gravity-magnetic modelling indicates that salt is deeply rooted and has a dome-like shape. The Guelma salt diapir was triggered by normal faulting and is directly controlled by regional extension.