多普勒天气雷达在阵风锋监测中的应用

本文利用多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD/SA)及常规资料,对2004年5月22日发生在江苏东北部的一次阵风锋天气现象进行了详细分析。阐述了阵风锋的反射率因子和多普勒径向速度特征,如回波强度、宽度、成因及冷锋过境前后的速度场特征等。并且探讨了阵风锋在短时预报中的应用。     

玄武岩内非均质性对地震资料的影响:印度德干圈闭的一个研究实例

Hydrocarbon exploration interests have renewed the need for developing new sub basalt imaging techniques. One of the most important problems encountered today is seismic imaging below basalt. In recent years, this problem appears to have been overcome partly by using long offset seismic data. However near offset data are yet to be fully utilised due to the complex waveform caused by the surface as well as internal heterogeneity of the basalts. The near normal incidence data, which influence the sub-basalt imaging, are highly useful to understand the internal structure within a basalt layer. The use of converted waves for such targets has been proposed as an alternative in a rather homogeneous basalt layer. With a few synthetic modelling exercises here we highlight the practical difficulties in dealing with more realistic and heterogeneous basalt flow. Full waveform seismograms are computed to understand the effects of intra-trappean sediments on the seismic data. A case study from the Deccan Traps of India is presented in this paper. First, we discuss the effects of intercalated sediments on the overall seismic image. Later, the sonic log data from the field are used to compute the full wave-field response using the reflectivity method and compared with the field data. The feasibility of using mode converted waves （P to S and vice-versa at the top and bottom basalt interfaces） for sub-basalt imaging in Kutch region is discussed through a series of velocity-depth profiles. By comparing with the field data we demonstrate that the effects of multiple thin layering within the basalt can strongly deteriorate the image we seek to interpret and exploit.     

“5．10”强对流天气雷达产品特征及临近预报

本文运用多普勒雷达的基本反射率（R）、基本径向速度（V）、垂直积分液态含水量（VIL）等产品对2005年5月10日邯郸发生的强对流天气进行分析，总结了雷达产品特征，得出了一些具有实用价值的结果，为预报员快速判断强对流的潜势提供参考。     

Moho topography and lower crustal wide-angle reflectivity around the TESZ in southern Scandinavia and northeastern Europe

The Moho topography is strongly undulating in southern Scandinavia and northeastern Europe. A map of the depth to Moho shows similarities between the areas of the Teisseyre–Tornquist Zone (TTZ) in Poland and the Fennoscandian Border Zone (FBZ), which is partly coinciding with the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone (STZ) in Denmark. The Moho is steeply dipping at these zones from a crustal thickness of approximately 32 km in the young Palaeozoic Platform and basin areas to approximately 45 km in the old Precambrian Platform and Baltic Shield. The Moho reflectivity (P_MP waveform) in the POLONAISE'97 refraction/wide-angle seismic data from Poland and Lithuania is variable, ranging from ‘sharp’ to strongly reverberating signals of up to 2 s duration. There is little or no lower crustal wide-angle reflectivity in the thick Precambrian Platform, whereas lower crustal reflectivity in the thin Palaeozoic Platform is strongly reverberating, suggesting that the reflective lower crust and upper mantle is a young phenomena. From stochastic reflectivity modelling, we conclude that alternating high- and low-velocity layers with average thicknesses of 50–300 m and P-wave velocity variations of ±3–4% of the background velocity can explain the lower crustal reflectivity. Sedimentary layering affects the reflectivity of deeper layers significantly and must be considered in reflectivity studies, although the reverberations from the deeper crust cannot be explained by the sedimentary layering only. The reflective lower crust and upper mantle may correspond to a zone that has been intruded by mafic melts from the mantle during crustal extension and volcanism.     

安顺市2015—2019年冰雹时空特征 及雷达临近预警指标研究

利用安顺市2015-2019年降雹个例、Micaps常规观测资料以及贵阳雷达资料,分析总结了安顺市冰雹时空分布特征及雷达临近预警指标。结果表明：安顺市冰雹以直径20 mm以下的小冰雹为主,冰雹站次呈北多南少特征;冰雹天气主要发生在春季,4月最多,5月次之;2015—2019年期间,2019年安顺市冰雹站次最多,2017年最少。直径10 mm以上与直径10mm以下冰雹对应的雹云相比,其强回波值更强、降雹概率更高、强回波中心平均升降次数更多、上升幅度及最高上升高度更高（须在0 ℃层高度以上）、对应的径向速度场有明显特征（逆风区、辐合/辐散、旋转）的比例更高、径向速度特征（逆风区、辐合/辐散、旋转）出现时间较降雹时间提前量更多。此外,强回波中心上升高度（0 ℃层高度以上）越高,冰雹直径越大。以上雷达回波特征均可作为安顺市冰雹预警指标,有利于提高安顺市冰雹预警准确率及提前量。     

基于灰度共生矩阵的自适应雷达杂波抑制

多普勒天气雷达体扫过程中低仰角常出现强地物杂波,影响了雷达数据质量及其产品的业务应用。为了抑制地物杂波,提出了一种基于雷达基数据灰度共生矩阵(gray-level co-occurrence matrix,GLCM)的自适应地物杂波抑制方法。针对雷达站附近回波数据强度高、多普勒速度接近于零值的特性,首先设定阈值进行数据预处理,初步分离出杂波区域;其次,对强度信息进行分块,根据每一小块的灰度共生矩阵能量值和对比度分布自适应寻找阈值;最后利用确定的阈值识别和剔除地物杂波。实验表明该方法能有效剔除雷达站附近的强地物杂波,尤其对混杂在降水回波信号中的强地物杂波有很好的抑制作用。     

Lithological interpretation of crustal composition in the Fennoscandian Shield with seismic velocity data

In this study, we report the results of an investigation of lithological interpretation of the crust in the central Fennoscandian Shield (in Finland) using seismic wide-angle velocity models and laboratory measurements on P- and S-wave velocities of different rock types. The velocities adopted from wide-angle velocity models were compared with laboratory velocities of different rock types corrected for the crustal PT conditions in the study area. The wide-angle velocity models indicate that the P-wave velocity does not only increase step-wise at boundaries of major crustal layers, but there is also gradual increase of velocity within the layers. On the other hand, the laboratory measurements of velocities indicate that no single rock type is able to provide the gradual downward increasing trends. Thus, there must be gradual vertical changes in rock composition. The downward increase of velocities indicates that the composition of the crust becomes gradually more mafic with increasing depth. We have calculated vertical velocity profiles for a range of possible crustal lithological compositions. The Finnish crustal velocity profiles require a more mafic composition than an average global continental model would suggest. For instance, on the SVEKA'81 transect, the calculated models suggest that the crustal velocity profiles can be simulated with rock type mixtures where the upper crust consists of felsic gneisses and granitic–granodioritic rocks with a minor contribution of amphibolite and diabase. In the middle crust, the amphibolite proportion increases. The lower crust consists of tonalitic gneiss, mafic garnet granulite, hornblendite, pyroxenite and minor mafic eclogite. Assuming that these rock types are present in sufficiently extensive and thick layers, they would also have sufficiently high acoustic reflection coefficients for generating the generally well-developed reflectivity in the crust in the central part of the shield. Density profiles calculated from the lithological models suggest that there is practically no density contrast at Moho in areas of the high-velocity lower crust. Comparison of reflectors from FIRE-1 and FIRE-3 transects and the velocity model from SVEKA'81 wide-angle transect indicated that the reflectors correlate with velocity layering, but the three-dimensional structures of the crust complicate such comparisons.     

基于快速非支配排序遗传算法的VTI介质多分量叠前联合反演

在VTI介质中,由于引入了各向异性参数使得多分量多参数地震反演问题的非线性程度显著增加,因此采用传统的权重加权法构建单目标函数进行反演得到的反演结果往往并不理想.本文以反射率法为基础,结合快速非支配排序遗传算法研究了一种VTI介质的多分量叠前联合反演方法.该方法以反射率法为正演方程,应用互相关原理构建PP波和PSV波的多目标函数,进而采用快速非支配排序遗传算法全局寻优获得VTI介质的厚度、纵横波速度、密度和各向异性参数等多个参数.在正演的过程中,反射率法可以考虑几何扩散、吸收衰减、透射损失、多次波以及纵横波旅行时不匹配等地震波传播效应,更能精确地描述地震波在地下地层中的真实传播情况;在反演的过程中,快速非支配排序遗传算法可以在不引入权重系数的条件下同时优化多个目标函数,获得联合反演问题的Pareto最优解,既不添加权重系数影响又充分利用多分量地震数据.模型测试结果验证了该反演方法的有效性和可行性.     

再论地震数据偏移成像

利用地震波正向传播方程对属于波形线性反演问题近似求解方法的地震数据偏移成像进行重新推导,得到了适合散射地震数据的散射偏移成像方法和适合反射地震数据的反射偏移成像方法.以地震波传播的散射理论为出发点,首先根据描述一次散射波正向传播的线性方程研究建立散射地震数据的偏移成像方法理论;利用高频近似对产生散射波场的地下速度扰动函数的空间变化进行近似,推导出地下反射率函数,再由散射波传播方程推导出基于反射率函数的反射波传播方程,然后根据描述一次反射波正向传播的线性方程研究建立反射地震数据的偏移成像方法理论.本文指出和修正了Claerbout偏移成像方法中的不足,提出的地震数据偏移成像方法是对当前偏移成像方法理论的完善,使反射地震数据偏移成像具有了更坚实的数学物理理论基础,得到的偏移成像结果相位正确、位置准确、分辨率提高.