Quasi indicatrix approach for distortion visualization and analysis for map projections

Tissot’s indicatrix or ellipse of distortion is a diagram that is the projection of an infinitesimal circle on the original surface. It is normally an ellipse of which elongation depends on the amount of distortion caused by map projection. It provides a medium for analyzing existing projections and developing new ones. The ellipse can be scaled and depicted on the map for visualization purposes. This paper presents an alternative approach, in which the projection of a finite small circle on the sphere is used. Its projection is normally an ellipse that can be very close to Tissot’s indicatrix, and is called quasi indicatrix, here. Its parameters can be derived from the forward projection equations without using partial derivatives. Therefore, it is a useful and practical approach from a programmer’s point of view. The quasi indicatrix approach is also numerically tested on Aitoff–Hammer projection with a set of points. The indicatrix parameters obtained by using this approach deviate 0.5% from the ground truths at most, being the average less than 0.2%.     

基于Auto cad数字地形图分幅裁剪的实现

针对当前市场上很多地形图成图软件在分幅时裁剪不干净,容易丢对象和分幅速度慢等情况,笔者使用Vi?sual Lisp编程语言,基于Autocad中的“Break”命令开发了一个相对完善的裁剪工具以代之.     

Fluid flow dynamics under location uncertainty

We present a derivation of a stochastic model of Navier Stokes equations that relies on a decomposition of the velocity fields into a differentiable drift component and a time uncorrelated uncertainty random term. This type of decomposition is reminiscent in spirit to the classical Reynolds decomposition. However, the random velocity fluctuations considered here are not differentiable with respect to time, and they must be handled through stochastic calculus. The dynamics associated with the differentiable drift component is derived from a stochastic version of the Reynolds transport theorem. It includes in its general form an uncertainty dependent subgrid bulk formula that cannot be immediately related to the usual Boussinesq eddy viscosity assumption constructed from thermal molecular agitation analogy. This formulation, emerging from uncertainties on the fluid parcels location, explains with another viewpoint some subgrid eddy diffusion models currently used in computational fluid dynamics or in geophysical sciences and paves the way for new large-scales flow modeling. We finally describe an applications of our formalism to the derivation of stochastic versions of the Shallow water equations or to the definition of reduced order dynamical systems.     

Improvement and Application of Riedel Shear Systerm

For some strain in the strike slip zone is difficult to be determined accurately in the classification scheme of the 7 elements of the ellipse of the strike slip strain ellipse (PDZ, R, R', P, T, Y and local contraction), the properties of the strain elements in all directions in the strained ellipse were reunderstood by analyzing the causal relationship between the mechanical state and the strain properties in a certain direction. A new model of the Riedel shear system was proposed, which contained 4 pure strain zones (pure right walk slip, pure left walking slip, pure extrusion, pure Stretch Strain Zone) and 4 complex strain zones (both stretching and right walking, both stretching and left walking, both extrusion and left walking, both extrusion and right walking slip strain zone). The closer the crack was to the direction of a single strain band, the stronger the corresponding property. The model included all the elements of the traditional model and made up for its vacancy. It proved the rationality of the left (right) row left (right) order and the double tectonic belt rule. At the same time, three research examples of Bohai Sea were cited to illustrate the application of the model: (1) The synchronous and perpendicular spatial-temporal relationship between compressive and extensional stress fields in strike-slip zones, as well as the unified but not contradictory dialectical relationship between them, were illustrated through the example of the co-controlled cycle formation of northeastern depression in Laizhou Bay Depression; (2) The Bohai Sea walk was enumerated. The research results of the slip transition zone illustrated the strain trend law of the extensional or compressive transition zone in the strike-slip zone; (3) The relationship between the strike of the effective fracture and the extensional strain zone in the present strike-slip stress field was illustrated by giving an example of the effective fracture research results of a buried hill structure in the Bohai Sea.     

关于误差椭圆教学内容设计的新思考

误差椭圆既具有重要的实用价值又具有重要的理论基础意义。近些年来,误差椭圆的应用范围不断拓展,该部分内容在误差理论与数据处理课程中更加值得重视。为适应新的发展,本文对误差椭圆教学内容进行了新的思考与设计,从点位精度与误差椭圆、误差椭圆的概率意义、参数向量的假设检验3大部分进行了阐述。     

2004—2013年新疆县域经济空间差异演化

选取2004—2013年人均GDP数据,采用ArcGIS9.3软件,运用空间自相关和标准差椭圆相结合的方法剖析了新疆县域经济空间差异动态演化特征。结果表明:新疆各县域经济发展水平具有显著的空间自相关性;热点区域虽呈现出一定的波动性,但主要分布在奎屯、克拉玛依、乌鲁木齐等北疆地区;2004—2013年,新疆县域经济呈现出东北—西南的空间分布格局;标准差椭圆呈现出逐渐向东疆、南疆地区移动的趋势,总体上以和硕县为核心,范围包括了新疆经济发展的主体地区;经济重心呈现东南—东北—西南方向的变动趋势。最后,对新疆县域经济空间演化机理进行分析。     

圆管轴线点测量方法研究

讨论基于高精度免棱镜测量技术确定圆管轴线点的测量方法和数据处理方法。采用模拟数据计算比较基于几何距离和基于代数距离对不同椭圆扫描范围的中心点确定结果,并通过实际测量结果验证该方法的可行性和高效性。     

共反射面元叠加的应用实践

共反射面元（Common Reflection Surface）叠加是一种不依赖于宏观速度模型的零炮检距剖面成像方法,实现共反射面元叠加依赖于3个波场属性参数的确定,它们分别是零偏移距射线的出射角α、Normal波和Normal Incident Point波出射到地表的波前曲率半径RN和RNIP. 在CRS叠加的理论基础上,本文阐述如何在实际数据上实现CRS叠加. 首先,通过简洁的一维相关性分析在常规叠加剖面上找到对应该共反射面元的一组初始波场属性参数(α,RN,RNIP),然后在对应的叠前数据上应用最优化算法对这组参数进行优化处理,相比初始属性参数,优化后的属性参数能够更好地聚集来自地下反射层的能量,最后应用优化后的属性参数实现最优CRS叠加.     

制作小圆井素描展开图的简便方法

从几何分析出发,结合实例介绍了制作小圆井素描展开图的简单方法,其精度可达地质要求     

Wave interaction with an upright breakwater structure

Breakwaters are often built in coastal waters to facilitate navigation and recreation, both inside and outside regions of the breakwater. This requires that the reflection and transmission characteristics of the structure be both minimized at the same time. This is achieved by a design that will allow dissipation of wave energy by multiple reflection. Such structures will need the knowledge of these characteristics in their design. Model tests were performed on a shallow water breakwater concept of this type to determine the reflection and transmission coefficients. The concept of the breakwater was to reduce both the reflection and transmission of waves. It was found that the breakwater design was effective at certain wave characteristics. Nondimensional loads and local pressures on the breakwater panels are also reported which will facilitate the structural design of such breakwaters.