青海湖地区天然牧草对水分条件反应特性分析

利用青海省铁卜加牧业气象试验站1987-1996年的气象和牧草资料，研究了降水、土壤湿度与蒸发量等水分条件对青海湖地区铁卜加草原5种优势种天然牧草生长高度及产量形成的影响。结果表明：环湖地区山地草原草场中紫花针茅Stipa purpurea、冷地早熟禾Poa crymophila、干生苔草Carex aridula、猪毛蒿Artemisia scoparia、天山赖草Leymus tianschanicum、杂草产量比为8：15：15：16：18：28。5种天然牧草的生长高度和产量对水分条件表现出不同的反应，天山赖草最耐旱；干生苔草次之；猪毛蒿和紫花针茅的抗旱性相当；冷地早熟禾对水分条件的反应最为敏感，得出了大部分牧草产量形成需水临界期在6月份的结论。这对环青海湖地区草地增水抗旱工作的时间安排具有指导作用。     

公路岩石边坡坡面挂铁丝网喷粉植草新技术

在岩石边坡上采用持铁丝网喷粉植草新技术，以达到边坡防护，同时又起到了美化环境的效果，与往常的砌体护坡护面相比较，具有造价低、故果好、应用广泛等优点，这种技术适用于公路土建项目的岩石迫坡改造与防护上，同时还可用于城市建设中的大开挖边坡治理，采石场迫坡综合改造，这方面巳在湖南、广东等地区得到一定的应用，在当今日益重视环境保护的国内国际形势下，这种喷粉植草技术是值得普及推广的．     

阅海湿地芦苇NPP遥感估算及其时空变化分析

利用1987—2012年Landsat 5、2013—2017年Landsat 8数据,分析1987—2017年阅海湿地净初级生产力（NPP）时空变化趋势。同时,基于高分数据（GF2）估算2015—2017年4 m分辨率NPP时空变化,与Landsat结果进行对比。结果表明：在各年7—8月的NPP中2002年NPP值最低,为691.11 g·C·m^-2,2003—2007年NPP均值先增大后减小,2008年后芦苇NPP均值趋于平缓;20世纪80—90年代,芦苇广泛分布于阅海湿地湖中心及四周区域,21世纪00—10年代,芦苇集中分布于湖域东北部区域;1987—2017年,阅海湿地芦苇NPP变化区域差异明显。阅海湿地东北部区域呈降低趋势。对比阅海湿地2016—2017年GF2与Landsat反演区域平均NPP,二者并无显著差异,且变化趋势也一致。     

Negative effects of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) presence in eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds in Flensborg fjord,Denmark

The effect of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) presence in eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds was studied from June 2004 to July 2005 in Flensborg fjord, Denmark. The field experiments were conducted at two stations, one with only Z. marina (Eelgrass station) present and one where M. edulis were present in the Z. marina beds (Mixed station). Zostera marina parameters were measured (growth of leaves, shoot density, leaf length, and nutrient content) in combination with epiphyte cover and sediment parameters (sulphate reduction rates, sediment nutrient fluxes, organic content, C, N and P content) to examine possible positive and negative effects of the mussels on eelgrass performance. The fluxes of ammonium from the sediments were stimulated at all sampling dates at the Mixed station, and possibly stimulated epiphyte growth at this station. Further ¹⁵N signals in epiphytes from the Mixed station suggested that excretion products from the mussels were important nitrogen sources at this station. Sulphate reduction rates were enhanced at the Mixed station and also sediment sulphide concentrations increased under mussel influence, which may have resulted in sulphide toxicity and decreased growth of Z. marina at this station. The study indicates that for Z. marina beds in Flensborg Fjord the effects of M. edulis in seagrass beds are primarily negative, and raises the question whether this leads to negative effects on the stability and expansion of Z. marina beds.     

草鱼、鲢鱼和凡纳滨对虾多元化养殖系统结构优化的研究

采用陆基围隔实验法,开展了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)三元混养结构优化的初步研究。实验于2009年5～10月进行,每月定期采样,分别测定了各混养系统水质和底质的变化、养殖生物的成活率和养殖产量,分析了各混养系统的饲料转化效率、氮磷利用率及产出投入比。实验结果初步表明,草鱼放养密度为0.77尾/m2时,既可以保证出池规格(>1 100 g/尾)又不影响收获产量(>8 400 kg/hm2),同时饲料转化效率(>52%)及氮磷利用率(N>30%,P>14%)也较高;鲢鱼放养密度为0.23尾/m2或0.45尾/m2,可以起到调节水质的作用;对虾放养密度越大(48.9尾/m2),底质被污染程度越小。在本实验条件下,最佳的混养模式:草鱼与鲢鱼混养比例为草鱼0.77尾/m2鲢鱼0.45尾/m2;草鱼、鲢鱼和对虾混养比例为草鱼0.77尾/m2鲢鱼0.23尾/m2凡纳滨对虾16.3尾/m2。     

Desiccation of a Clay by Grass,Bushes and Trees

After reviewing the past 60 years of research into the desiccation of clay soils by grass, bushes and trees as it affects shallow building foundations and roads pavements, it was concluded that most past research has been opportunistic and unplanned. Also, no attempt has been made to relate changes of soil water content to rainfall and rates of evapotranspiration. The paper reports the second stage of a sustained programme to observe and understand seasonal and annual changes of soil water content under grass and adjacent to bushes and trees. A 12 months set of two-monthly soil water content contours is presented together with the associated soil water balance, and a method is described for assessing evapotranspiration by bushes and trees by means of a solar energy balance.     

甘肃省林草研究和业务进展综述

从历史时期森林变迁,林业与气候、经济林果适宜种植区、草场与气候、卫星遥感技术应用和森林防火服务方面综合了甘肃省关于林草科学研究和业务的进展,可供西北大开发参考。     

Indicators of Great Basin rangeland health

Early-warning indicators of rangeland health can be used to estimate the functional integrity of a site and may allow sustainable management of desert rangelands. The utility of several vegetation canopy-based indicators of rangeland health at 32 Great Basin rangeland locations was investigated. The indicators were originally developed in rangelands of the Chihuahuan Desert. Soil resources are lost through wind and water-driven erosion mainly from areas unprotected by plant canopies (i.e. bare soil). Study sites in Idaho had the smallest bare patches, followed by sites in Oregon. The more arid Great Basin Sagebrush Zone sites in Utah had the largest bare patches. Several vegetational indicators including percent cover by vegetation, percent cover by life-form, percent cover by sagebrush, and percent cover by resilient species were negatively related to mean bare patch size and are potential indicators of Great Basin rangeland condition. Plant community composition and the range of bare patch sizes were different at sites in the three locations in Idaho, Oregon and Utah. Therefore, expected indicator values are location specific and should not be extrapolated to other locations. The condition of study sites were often ranked differently by different indicators. Therefore, the condition of rangeland sites should be evaluated using several indicators.     

Coupled influence of flow velocity and water temperature on grass carp swimming behaviour and gonad development

Reproductive migration is an essential phase in the life of many fish. During this process, swimming behaviour and gonad development are key factors related to the migration quality, and both factors are strongly influenced by water temperature and flow velocity. Many studies have explored the separate effects of these variables on fish swimming ability or gonad development, but researchers have seldom investigated the simultaneous effects of low flow velocity and water temperature on the fish swimming behaviour and gonad development. To provide that knowledge, we conducted laboratory experiments that explored the coupled effects of low water temperature and flow on warm water fish swimming behaviour and gonad development. At five temperatures (16, 18, 20, 22, and 24°C), we observed the movement of migratory warmwater grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) at seven flow velocities (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45 m/s), then explored their gonad development by comparing the level of plasma 17β-estradiol and testosterone in fish travelling through a simulated fish way (flow stimulation) and in a fish tank (no flow stimulation). We used Bayesian networks to explore the acceptable hydrological condition for fish migration. We found that the minimum flow velocity for acceptable migration quality is a function of the water temperature, and that increasing water temperature improves fish movement success and increases the movement distance, especially at a low flow velocity. In addition, increasing water temperature (between 16 and 24°C in this experiment design) can enhance the effect of flow stimulation on gonad development. Overall, our results can broaden the understanding of reducing water temperature and flow velocity in fish swimming behaviour and gonad development, provide basic data to support hydrological process controls and the development of measures to protect fish migration.     

Meiobenthic communities of seagrass beds (Zostera capricorni) and unvegetated sediments along the coast of New South Wales,Australia

Seagrass beds have higher biomass, abundance, diversity and productivity of benthic organisms than unvegetated sediments. However, to date most studies have analysed only the macrofaunal component and ignored the abundant meiofauna present in seagrass meadows. This study was designed to test if meiobenthic communities, especially the free-living nematodes, differed between seagrass beds and unvegetated sediments. Sediment samples from beds of the eelgrass Zostera capricorni and nearby unvegetated sediments were collected in three estuaries along the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Results showed that sediments below the seagrass were finer, with a higher content of organic material and were less oxygenated than sediments without seagrass. Univariate measures of the fauna (i.e. abundance, diversity and taxa richness of total meiofauna and nematode assemblages) did not differ between vegetated and unvegetated sediments. However multivariate analysis of meiofaunal higher taxa showed significant differences between the two habitats, largely due to the presence and absence of certain taxa. Amphipods, tanaidacea, ostracods, hydrozoans and isopods occurred mainly in unvegetated sediments, while kinorhyncs, polychaetes, gastrotrichs and turbellarians were more abundant in vegetated sediments. Regarding the nematode assemblages, 32.4% of the species were restricted to Z. capricorni and 25% only occurred in unvegetated sediments, this suggests that each habitat is characterized by a particular suite of species. Epistrate feeding nematodes were more abundant in seagrass beds, and it is suggested that they graze on the microphytobenthos which accumulates underneath the seagrass. Most of the genera that characterized these estuarine unvegetated sediments are also commonly found on exposed sandy beaches. This may be explained by the fact that Australian estuaries have very little input of freshwater and experience marine conditions for most of the year. This study demonstrates that the seagrass and unvegetated sediments have discrete meiofaunal communities, with little overlap in species composition.