南沙群岛海域沉积物古地磁参数对米兰科维奇周期的响应

对南沙群岛海域８７－１１柱样天然剩余磁化强度（ＮＲＭ）及９０－１０３柱样ＮＲＭ、磁化率（ｘ）、剩磁倾角（Ⅰ）等的功率谱分析表明：晚更新世以来该区沉积物的古地磁参数较好地反映了古气候、古环境的变化，响应着古气候变化的米兰科维奇天文学周期；在周期成分中，以地球轨道偏心率周期（ｅ）及岁差周期（ｐ）为主，地轴倾斜度周期（ε）无明显表现，同时获得了与特殊地球位置相关联的岁差半周期成分。研究还表明，古地磁参数存在着明显的对古气候变化的非线性响应，明显不同于开阔大洋；同时，不同的沉积单元，沉积物古地磁参数对古气候变化响应的灵敏度各不相同。     

Geomorphological control of subsurface hydrology in the creekbank zone of tidal marshes

A combination of field and numerical modeling methods was used to assess porewater movement in a narrow (20 m) Spartina marsh which was flooded regularly by tidal waters. Soil composition and soil hydraulic properties did not vary across the marsh or with depth. Hydraulic head was monitored on a transect perpendicular to the creekbank. During exposure of the marsh surface, hydraulic gradients were predominantly horizontal; vertical gradients were small or zero. Subsurface flow was directed from the marsh interior toward the creekbank. Approximately 141 of pore water were discharged laterally to the adjacent tidal creek per meter of creekbank over a complete tidal cycle.A numerical hydrological model was modified to simulate subsurface hydraulics in the creekbank vicinity of regularly flooded tidal marshes. The model was parameterized to represent soil conditions, tidal fluctuations and topography at the field site. Observed changes in hydraulic head over complete tidal cycles were accurately predicted by the model. Model simulations identified the vertical infiltration of creek water into the marsh surface at the onset of tidal flooding as the primary source (66%) for the replacement of water drained at the creekbank. Significant replacement (31%) also occurred as discharge from the interior marsh. Horizontal recharge at the creekbank was minimal (3%).A sensitivity analysis was conducted with the model to assess the relative importance of geomorphological factors and soil properties in controlling pore water export at the creekbank of tidal marsh soils. Each parameter was varied systematically over a realistic range for field conditions. Changes in marsh elevation exerted greater control over creekbank discharge than changes in soil hydraulic properties. More rapid turnover of pore water near creekbanks of higher elevation marshes is hypothesized.     

Shallow Water Dissipation Processes for Wind Waves off the Mackenzie Delta

This study focuses on two physical processes for waves in shallow waters off the Mackenzie Delta: bottom friction and depth-induced breaking terms. We use field observations of winds and waves, the state-of-the-art Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model, and reanalysis wind and wave data. The two field observation periods are an August 2008 field experiment, during which in situ field data were collected, and an Arctic storm when data were recorded by buoy measurements from 4 to 6 August 1991. Wind and wave development processes are analyzed during these two periods with comparisons to observed winds and waves. Our analyses show that bottom friction is the main shallow water physical process during the August 2008 field experiment, whereas depth-induced breaking is the dominant shallow water physical process during the 4–6 August 1991 storm, in conjunction with the effects of bottom friction. The SWAN wave model is used to investigate the shallow water physical processes during these two observation periods. Simulation results indicate that the model can give reasonable results, with an appropriate Collins coefficient of 0.006 and a wave breaking parameter of 0.55 to represent bottom friction and depth-induced breaking physics, respectively.

RÉSUMÉ?[Traduit par la rédaction] Cette étude porte sur deux processus physiques concernant les vagues dans les eaux peu profondes au large du delta du Mackenzie : les termes du frottement contre le fond et du déferlement lié à la profondeur. Nous utilisons des observations du vent et des vagues, le modèle d'avant-garde SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) et des données de vent et de vagues réanalysées. Les deux périodes d'observations sont une expérience sur le terrain réalisée en août 2008, au cours de laquelle des données de terrain ont été recueillies, et une tempête arctique lors de laquelle des mesures faites par bouée du 4 au 6 août 1991 ont été enregistrées. Nous analysons les processus dévolution du vent et des vagues durant ces deux périodes, et comparons avec le vent et les vagues observées. Nos analyses montrent que le frottement contre le fond est le processus physique en eaux peu profondes le plus important durant l'expérience sur le terrain d'août 2008, alors que le déferlement lié à la profondeur est le processus physique en eaux peu profondes dominant pendant la tempête arctique du 4 au 6 août 1991, en combinaison avec les effets du frottement contre le fond. Nous nous servons du modèle de vagues SWAN pour étudier les processus physiques en eaux peu profondes durant ces deux périodes d'observations. Les résultats des simulations indiquent que le modèle peut donner des résultats raisonnables, avec un coefficient de Collins approprié de 0,006 et un paramètre de déferlement de 0,55 pour représenter la physique du frottement contre le fond et du déferlement lié à la profondeur, respectivement.     

Diagenesis of the Paleogene Sandstones in the DN2 Gas Field,Kuqa Foreland Basin and its Link to Tectonics

We investigated diagenesis of the sandstones from the DN2 Gas Field of the Kuqa Foreland Basin(KFB),in order to infer the timing of fluid migration and discuss the linkage between fluids and tectonics.The textures and chemical composition of authigenic minerals,fluid evidence from fluid inclusions and formation water measurements were all used to fulfill this aim.Eodiagenesis occurred with the participation of meteoric water and connate water.Mesodiagenesis is related to high salinity fluids,whi...     

An improved atmospheric correction algorithm for applying MERIS data to very turbid inland waters

Atmospheric correction (AC) is a necessary process when quantitatively monitoring water quality parameters from satellite data. However, it is still a major challenge to carry out AC for turbid coastal and inland waters. In this study, we propose an improved AC algorithm named N-GWI (new standard Gordon and Wang’s algorithms with an iterative process and a bio-optical model) for applying MERIS data to very turbid inland waters (i.e., waters with a water-leaving reflectance at 864.8 nm between 0.001 and 0.01). The N-GWI algorithm incorporates three improvements to avoid certain invalid assumptions that limit the applicability of the existing algorithms in very turbid inland waters. First, the N-GWI uses a fixed aerosol type (coastal aerosol) but permits aerosol concentration to vary at each pixel; this improvement omits a complicated requirement for aerosol model selection based only on satellite data. Second, it shifts the reference band from 670 nm to 754 nm to validate the assumption that the total absorption coefficient at the reference band can be replaced by that of pure water, and thus can avoid the uncorrected estimation of the total absorption coefficient at the reference band in very turbid waters. Third, the N-GWI generates a semi-analytical relationship instead of an empirical one for estimation of the spectral slope of particle backscattering. Our analysis showed that the N-GWI improved the accuracy of atmospheric correction in two very turbid Asian lakes (Lake Kasumigaura, Japan and Lake Dianchi, China), with a normalized mean absolute error (NMAE) of less than 22% for wavelengths longer than 620 nm. However, the N-GWI exhibited poor performance in moderately turbid waters (the NMAE values were larger than 83.6% in the four American coastal waters). The applicability of the N-GWI, which includes both advantages and limitations, was discussed.     

A revisitation of TRIX for trophic status assessment in the light of the European Water Framework Directive: application to Italian coastal waters

The trophic status classification of coastal waters at the European scale requires the availability of harmonised indicators and procedures. The composite trophic status index (TRIX) provides useful metrics for the assessment of the trophic status of coastal waters. It was originally developed for Italian coastal waters and then applied in many European seas (Adriatic, Tyrrhenian, Baltic, Black and Northern seas). The TRIX index does not fulfil the classification procedure suggested by the WFD for two reasons: (a) it is based on an absolute trophic scale without any normalization to type-specific reference conditions; (b) it makes an ex ante aggregation of biological (Chl-a) and physico-chemical (oxygen, nutrients) quality elements, instead of an ex post integration of separate evaluations of biological and subsequent chemical quality elements. A revisitation of the TRIX index in the light of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) and new TRIX derived tools are presented in this paper. A number of Italian coastal sites were grouped into different types based on a thorough analysis of their hydro-morphological conditions, and type-specific reference sites were selected. Unscaled TRIX values (UNTRIX) for reference and impacted sites have been calculated and two alternative UNTRIX-based classification procedures are discussed. The proposed procedures, to be validated on a broader scale, provide users with simple tools that give an integrated view of nutrient enrichment and its effects on algal biomass (Chl-a) and on oxygen levels. This trophic evaluation along with phytoplankton indicator species and algal blooms contribute to the comprehensive assessment of phytoplankton, one of the biological quality elements in coastal waters.     

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary

Measurements of nitrate and ammonium in precipitation and associated with aerosols were conducted at Rutgers University Marine Field Station in Tuckerton, New Jersey from March 2004 to March 2005 to characterize atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary. The arithmetic means of nitrate and ammonium concentrations for precipitation samples were 2.3mgL(-1) and 0.42mgL(-1), respectively. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations in aerosol samples averaged 3.7microgm(-3) and 1.6microgm(-3), respectively. Wet deposition rates appeared to vary with season; the highest rate of inorganic nitrogen deposition (nitrate+ammonium) occurred in the spring with an average value of 1.33kg-Nha(-2)month(-1). On an annual basis, the total (wet and dry) direct atmospheric deposition fluxes into the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary were 7.08kg-Nha(-2)year(-1) for nitrate and 4.44kg-Nha(-2)year(-1) for ammonium. The total atmospheric inorganic nitrogen directly deposited to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary was estimated to be 4.79x10(4)kg-Nyear(-1), and the total atmospheric inorganic nitrogen deposited to the Mullica River watershed was estimated to be 1.69x10(6)kg-Nyear(-1). Only a fraction of the nitrogen deposited on the watershed will actually reach the estuary; most of the nitrogen will be retained in the watershed due to utilization and denitrification during transport. The amount of N reaching the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary indirectly is estimated to be 5.07x10(4)kg-Nyear(-1), approximately 97% is retained within the watershed. This atmospheric nitrogen deposition may stimulate phytoplankton productivity in the Mullica River-Great Bay ecosystem.     

热带与南极海域表层海水N2O饱和度异常差异性比较

本文比较了从北纬30?西太平洋至南纬30?东印度洋等热带海域与南大洋至东南极普里兹湾等南极海域的大气和表层海水N2O分压分布特征,表层海水pNO2饱和异常,分析引起异常差异性的主要影响因子。南极海域普里兹湾表层水中N2O分压（pN2O）平均为311.9 ± 7.6 nL/L (14.1 ± 0.4 nM),与大气中N2O混合比（318.5 nL/L）相比显略不饱和,融冰水的输入是导致不饱和的主要原因。海气N2O通量为-0.3 ± 0.8μmol m-2 d-1。而热带海域多数表层海水中N2O饱和度异常值都高于10%,在赤道海域发现最高值达54.7%,次高值为10°N的苏禄海为31%,计算出在赤道和苏禄海的海气通量分别为~12.4 μmol m-2 d-1和~4μmol m-2 d-1。表明高纬度的普里兹湾既不是大气中N2O源也不是汇,而低纬度热带海域表现为大气中N2O的源。造成热带与南极海域海洋N2O饱和度异常的影响因素,可能低纬度的热带海域由于海气间的气体交换较弱、上升流影响强,而高纬度的南极海域由于融冰分层和强偏西风影响;而海表面风速是影响N2O的海气交换N2O通量的重要因素。     

腾冲地热区高温热泉水中稀土元素特征

腾冲地热区位于印度-欧亚板块碰撞带东北缘,构造和岩浆活动频繁,地热作用明显,热泉广泛分布,是现代热泉研究的天然实验室。热泉水中的稀土元素特征是指示浅层水岩反应的重要指标。由于热泉水中稀土元素含量较低且变化范围大,腾冲地区热泉水稀土元素组成的报道比较罕见。本文尝试研究了腾冲高温热泉水中稀土元素组成特征,并与美国内华达州贝奥沃韦地热田和加利福尼亚希伯地热田热泉水的稀土元素特征进行了对比。本文选取腾冲地区的高温热泉,应用ICP-MS,测试了热泉水中稀土元素。分析结果表明热泉水中稀土元素含量相对较低且变化范围较大,其变化范围为球粒陨石的10-5～10-2倍。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式整体为轻微右倾型或平坦型,显示轻重稀土分异不明显;δEu既有正异常也有负异常;各热泉点热泉水稀土配分模式之间存在差异。虽然腾冲地热区热泉水的REE含量比美国贝奥沃韦地热田和希伯地热田热泉水的高10倍,两者之间的稀土元素分布特征具有一致性。热泉水中的δEu负异常为深循环的大气降水与具有负铕异常火山岩水岩反应的结果,正铕异常可能是由快速上返的大气降水与蒸发岩中的石膏反应导致。