多层螺旋CT体部γ刀定位扫描技术的研究

目的研究应用多层螺旋CT(MSCT)进行体部γ刀定位的CT扫描技术.材料与方法应用美国GE公司生产的Light speed plus多层螺旋CT(4层)对306例胸部占位患者、141例腹部占位患者行γ刀定位增强扫描,对比剂的用量为1.2ml/kg,注射流率为2.5mL/s～2.8mL/s,通过CT扫描所得图像制定治疗计划.结果 CT增强扫描图像可以清晰显示病灶的大小、形态,标志点清楚,靶点确定均一次到位,组织对比度和空间分辨率较高.结论应用多层螺旋CT进行体部γ刀定位,采用合适的扫描方案及造影技术能获得较为满意的定位扫描图像,是一种安全有效的定位方法.     

恶性骨肿瘤化疗前后影像学比较及疗效

目的探讨恶性骨肿瘤化疗前后影像学比较. 方法首先影像学的比较是在X线平片、CT扫描、MRI等各自的比较下, 收治恶性骨肿瘤31例,其中骨肉瘤15例,尤文氏肉瘤4例,滑膜肉瘤4例,纤维肉瘤8例.根据不同肿瘤的组织学特征及对抗肿瘤药物的敏感性来选择. 结果化疗后,使临床疼痛减轻,肿块缩小,影像发生改变,病灶周边由模糊变得清晰.骨硬化及环状骨包壳增多,肿瘤的新生血管减少,上述改变效果明显的14例,有效率45%,部分有效为9例,无明显改变的8例. 结论对上述恶性骨肿瘤化疗后影像学改变的比较,基本证实了肿瘤细胞坏死率大于90%,患者5年生存率为80-90%,有些患者通过综合的治疗,肿瘤得到控制,其中部分患者效果不明显,甚至无效,这个过程应是一个远期观察疗效才能做比较,化疗效果满意的,为骨肉瘤、尤文氏肉瘤及滑膜肉瘤;化疗效果不佳的,为纤维肉瘤、部分骨肉瘤、个别肿瘤体积大的、恶性程度高的患者.     

地球层析成像在减轻灾害中的作用

目的说明地球层析成像一词的含义和它所包括的分支有:地震层析,电阻率层析,大地电磁层析,磁共振成像, 地震破裂面照相以及探地雷达成像等.概括当前这几种手段的成就,所能达到的成像精密度, 用现代的计算方法、反演地下介质速度、衰减Q值、密度、孔隙度分布、介质破裂程度,可提高震源定位精度,再借鉴医学上检测癌细胞发生、发展过程的模式,建立相应的预测模式.判断未来破坏性地震的孕震结构,发展趋势,以及地下水与电阻率图像随季节变化的关系.初步阐明地球层析成像在减轻地震灾害、洪水灾害与火山喷发灾害中的作用.将地电阻率层析与磁共振测深成像相结合应用于探测地下水的一些基本分布特征,判定潜伏断层的特征,追踪电阻率异常区其附近的电性精细结构,分辨率可以达到1米左右.结合起来可探测地下裂隙分布,发现活断层,对高层建筑物(80米以上)和大型桥梁、水坝、堤防的安全性评价具有重要作用,以便及早加固,以减轻损失;结论利用上述地球层析成像的几种手段,可以探测地下活动断层、孕震结构和地下水与电阻率随季节的变动,为判定高楼和堤坝的安全性提供依据,在减轻灾害中发挥日益重要的作用.     

Relaxation of protostellar accretion shocks using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics

It is believed that protostellar accretion disks are formed from nearly ballistic infall of molecular matter in rotating core collapse. Collisions of this infalling matter leads to formation of strong supersonic shocks, which if they cool rapidly, result in accumulation of that material in a thin structure in the equatorial plane. Here, we investigate the relaxation time of the protostellar accretion post‐shock gas using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). For this purpose, a one‐dimensional head‐on collision of two molecular sheets is considered, and the time evolution of the temperature and density of the post‐shock region simulated. The results show that in strong supersonic shocks, the temperature of the post‐shock gas quickly increases proportional to square of the Mach number, and then gradually decreases according to the cooling processes. Using a suitable cooling function shows that in appropriate time‐scale, the center of the collision, which is at the equatorial plane of the core, is converted to a thin dense molecular disk, together with atomic and ionized gases around it. This structure for accretion disks may justify the suitable conditions for grain growth and formation of proto‐planetary entities (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Power calculation for gravitational radiation: oversimplification and the importance of time scale

A simplified formula for gravitational‐radiation power is examined. It is shown to give completely erroneous answers in three situations, making it useless even for rough estimates. It is emphasised that short timescales, as well as fast speeds, make classical approximations to relativistic calculations untenable (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Planktonic stages of Maurolicus muelleri (Teleostei Sternoptychidae) in New Zealand waters

The seasonality and distribution, abundance, and hydrological affinities of the planktonic stages of the sternoptychid Maurolicus muelleri (Grnelin, 1788) are described for the New Zealand region. Spawning occurred from August to March, and the planktonic stages were widespread around New Zealand. Spawning probably takes place around midday at depths greater than 250 m. Eggs and larval stages were present over temperature ranges of 9.0–15.5°c and 13–22°c respectively.     

Numerical simulation of solitary and randomwave propagation through vegetation based on VOFmethod

A vertical two-dimensional numerical model has been applied to solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier- Stokes （RANS} equations in the simulation of current and wave propagation through vegetated and non- vegetated waters. The k-e model is used for turbulence closure of RANS equations. The effect of vegeta- tion is simulated by adding the drag force of vegetation in the flow momentum equations and turbulence model. To solve the modified N-S equations, the finite difference method is used with the staggered grid system to solver equations. The Youngs＇ fractional volume of fluid （VOF） is applied tracking the free sur- face with second-order accuracy. The model has been tested by simulating dam break wave, pure current with vegetation, solitary wave runup on vegetated and non-vegetated channel, regular and random waves over a vegetated field. The model reasonably well reproduces these experimental observations, the model- ing approach presented herein should be useful in simulating nearshore processes in coastal domains with vegetation effects.     

Simultaneous Ocean Wave Measurements by the Jason and Topex Satellites,with Buoy and Model Comparisons Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation

The verification phase of the Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission presents a unique opportunity for comparing near-simultaneous, independent satellite measurements. Here we examine simultaneous significant wave height measurements by the Jason-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeters. These data are also compared with in situ measurements from deep-ocean buoys and with predicted wave heights from the Wave Watch III operational model. The rms difference between Jason and TOPEX wave heights is 28 cm, and this can be lowered by half through improved outlier editing and filtering of high-frequency noise. Noise is slightly larger in the Jason dataset, exceeding TOPEX by about 7 cm rms at frequencies above 0.05 Hz, which is the frequency at which the coherence between TOPEX and Jason measurements drops to zero. Jason wave heights are more prone to outliers, especially during periods of moderate to high backscatter. Buoy comparisons confirm previous reports that TOPEX wave heights are roughly 5% smaller than buoy measurements for waves between 2 and 5 m; Jason heights in general are 3% smaller than TOPEX. Spurious dips in the TOPEX density function for 3- and 6-m waves, a problem that has existed since the beginning of the mission, can be solved by waveform retracking.     

Seismic Insights into Bottom Simulating Reflection (BSR) in the Krishna-Godavari Basin,Eastern Margin of India

The multichannel seismic data along one long-offset survey line from Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin in the eastern margin of India were analyzed to define the seismic character of the gas hydrate/free gas bearing sediments. The discontinuous nature of bottom simulating reflection (BSR) was carefully examined. The presence of active faults and possible upward fluid circulation explain the discontinuous nature and low amplitude of the BSR. The study reveals free gas below gas hydrates, which is also indicated by enhancement of seismic amplitudes with offsets from BSR. These findings were characterized by computing seismic attributes such as the reflection strength and instantaneous frequency along the line. Geothermal gradients were computed for 18°C and 20°C temperature at the depth of BSR to understand the geothermal anomaly that can explain the dispersed nature of BSR. The estimated geothermal gradient shows an increase from 32°C/km in the slope region to 41°C/km in the deeper part, where free gas is present. The ray-based travel time inversion of identifiable reflected phases was also carried out along the line. The result of velocity tomography delineates the high-velocity (1.85–2.0 km/s) gas hydrate bearing sediments and low-velocity (1.45–1.5 km/s) free gas bearing sediments across the BSR.     

海岸沙坝近底悬移质通量实验研究

为了研究海岸沙坝的产生和演化机理,对不规则波和波群作用下沙坝上方的近底悬移质通量进行了实验研究。分析了短波、长波和平均水流对悬移质通量的影响。结果表明:各种波况下平均水流和长波的作用始终使泥沙向离岸方向输移,而短波的作用使泥沙向岸方向运动;平均水流引起的泥沙输移始终占主要成分,长波的次之。不规则波情况下平均水流的影响较规则波的情况相对较弱,三种成分对泥沙输运的贡献属于同一量级。波群情况下长波的影响随着波浪群性的增强而加大,短波的不明显,而平均水流的影响则随着波浪群性的增强而减弱。