Study of Ecological Compensation for Paddy Fields: Oriented towards Eco-environmental Restoration

Agricultural land provides not only food and fiber (an important element of food security), but also serves as a non-market commodity with characteristic externalities and public services. However, there are also many negative impacts on environment of the paddy production. Thus, Payments for paddy ecosystem services encourage farmers to engage in ecological or organic agricultural practices and agro-ecological/environmental supply. However, compared with forest, wetland, and pasture, the eco-function and ecosystem services of paddy fields have gotten insufficient attention. It is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for paddy fields that boosts behavior that protects farms to benefit the ecosystem. Based on a review of eco-compensation for paddy fields, this paper proposes the policy game framework of eco-compensation for paddy fields, which is oriented to ecological restoration. Secondly, this paper introduces methods for determination of compensation standards, including the cost the farmers’ willingness to accept, and the ecological benefits of adopting environmental friendly farming practices. And finally, this paper puts forward policy recommendations for eco-compensation for paddy ecosystems.     

湖北省棉花产量的变化与棉田布局的战略调整*

本文揭示了湖北省棉花亩产的增长具有北高南低的特点,分析了鄂北地区种植棉花的自然优势和经济效盆大于江汉平原,从而提出湖北省棉花北移的战略调整的设想。     

Soil fertility evolution and landscape dynamics in a Mediterranean area: a case study in the Sant Llorenç Natural Park (Barcelona, NE Spain)

The cartography of land covers was used to study fertility and soil evolution in a mountainous Mediterranean area during the anthropocene period ( Crutzen P J 2002 Geology of mankind Nature 415 23). The aim was to determine changes in fertility as agricultural lands were abandoned in the 14 000 hectare area that constitutes Sant Llorenç del Munt Natural Park in a pre-coastal Catalan mountain range (north-eastern Iberian Peninsula). The analysis of land covers using vegetation maps, orthorectified images and aerial photography has allowed us to differentiate six vegetation groups: holm-oak wood, pine grove, oak wood, scrub, active agricultural fields and abandoned agricultural fields. The anthropic covers over the past 100 years were subdivided into five categories: active fields and those abandoned over four time periods. Study variables include field shape (concave, convex, flat), orientation (north, south) and slope (ranging from 12º to 24º). The parameters used for the physical-chemical soil analysis included organic material, phosphorous and potassium; fertility was classified based on groups, types and classes. The results indicate that even when the visual appearance of certain landscapes is similar, the edaphic characteristics may be very different. Changes induced by human disturbance share this phenomenon. Therefore, land management should be considered globally, taking into account vegetation, soils and water as interdependent factors, since it is their interaction that produces landscape and most affects its evolution over time.     

长庆中部气田奥陶纪马家沟组储层成岩模式与孔隙系统

长庆中部气田奥陶纪马家沟组马五1^1-马五4^1储层的主要成岩作用包括：（Ⅰ）准同生白云石化作用;（Ⅱ）白云石对小球状硬石膏结核（简称“膏球”）和板状硬石膏晶体的交代;（Ⅲ）石膏的溶解;（Ⅳ）自生石英、自生粘土矿物在白云石晶间生长;（Ⅴ）早期方解石的充填作用;（Ⅵ）晚期方解石的充填作用;（Ⅶ）钾石盐的充填作用;（Ⅷ）去白云石化作用。其中造成孔隙的是（Ⅰ）、（Ⅱ）、（Ⅲ）,破坏孔隙的主要是（Ⅴ）、（Ⅵ）、（Ⅶ）、（Ⅷ）。最重要的成岩作用是（Ⅰ）、（Ⅱ）、（Ⅲ）。主要的成岩模式有：云化-溶蚀型、云化-溶蚀-充填型、云化-解型、云化-交代-溶解型、云化-交代-溶解-早充填型、云化-交代-溶解-早充填-晚充填型、云化-交代-溶解-早充填-晚充填-钾石盐充填型。其中云化-溶解型、云化-交代-溶解型以及云化-溶蚀型是形成孔隙的主要成岩方式。主要的孔隙系统类型有5种：密球型、“球＋胀裂缝型”、“球＋晶间溶孔型”、晶模孔型、晶间溶孔型。其中,密球型、“球＋胀裂缝型”、“球＋晶间溶孔型”是最主要的孔隙系统类型。长庆中部气田马五段储层的发育首先受沉积微相控制,即膏球的发育;在此基础上还受成岩方式控制。膏球发育于马五1^1、马五1^2、马五1^3、马五3^3,尤其是马五4^1。白云石对硬石膏球的交代作用和石膏的溶解作用广泛发育于马五1^1、马五1^2、马五1^3、马五1^4、马五2^1、马五2^2、马五3^3、马五4^1地层中。早期方解石、晚期方解石和钾石盐的充填作用主要发育在马五1^4、马五2^1、马五2^2和马五4^1地层中,而在马五1^3、马五1^2地层中不发育。膏球在马五1^4、马五2^1、马五2^2不发育。所以,马五1^2、马五1^3、马五3^3是最好的储集层段。马五4^1、马五1^1是其次的储集层段。马五2^1、马五2^2、马五1^4是最差的储集层段。     

利用DInSAR和GPS综合方法估计地表3维形变速率

在分析基于贝叶斯统计和马尔科夫随机场理论的解析优化法的基础上,提出以GPS提供的高精度的水平形变速率作为约束,利用直接分解法,将DInSAR的斜距向形变速率分解成垂直形变速率。试验结果表明,直接分解法有效地综合了GPS的高水平精度与DInSAR的高垂直精度优点,且计算简单,克服了解析优化法可能出现的数值不稳定问题。     

输导通道类型对天然气聚集效率的影响

通过对中国大中型气田天然气输导通道类型及影响因素研究,得到中国大中型气田主要有断裂、断裂与不整合组合、砂体、断裂与砂体组合、不整合与砂体组合和不整合6种输导通道类型。其中以断裂为主,其次是断裂与不整合组合,再次是砂体和断裂与砂体组合,最少为不整合和不整合与砂体组合。它们主要受盆地类型、盆地内构造带类型和源储空间位置关系的影响。由中国大中型气田储量、含气面积和聚集时问,通过求取其天然气聚集效率,把中国大中型气田划分为高效、中效和低效3类气田。通过中国大中型气田天然气聚集效率与输导通道类型之间关系分析,得到聚集时间相对较晚的断裂、砂体和断裂与不整合组合形成的输导通道天然气聚集效率相对较高,有利于快速形成大中型气田。     

Hydrocarbon- Generating Model of the Area Covered With Volcanic Rock

The distribution of Oil & gas fields shows their close relationship with the most active tectonic regions. This is not a coincidence but having a scientific reasons. The crustal active regions, refer to the places where the active natural earthquake, volcanic activities, underground water happened, and the areas of the leaking off of natural gas to the surface of the crust. The magma of volcanic activities brings the organic "kitchen range body" hydrocarbon- generating model and inorganic genetic hydrocarbon to the regions covered by volcanic rock. Underground water brings a catalytic hydrocarbongenerating model for organic matter, and the leaking- off of H2 and CO2 contributes a synthetic hydrocarbon - generating model. Volcanic activities bring the assemblage of Source, Reservoir and Seal formed by the sediments and magma the sedimentary basins, and the hydrocarbon - generating system with a "water - volcano" binary structure is formed. All these conditions are favorable and excellent for the formation of oil & gas fields. The distribution of American oil & gas fields have very close relationship with the mines of Fe, Mn, Ct, Mo, W and V, deposits of Zn, Cu, V, Pb, Al and Hg, and the deposits of fluorite, sulfur, potassium salt, phosphate and halite, and the distribution of sulfate- chloride of river water. The reason why few oil & gas fields discovered in the regions covered by volcanic rock in western America maybe because of the view of "inconsistency between petroleum and volcano". Further more, It's very difficult to carry out a geophysical exploration in such kinds of regions.This paper examined a few hydrocarbon-generating models (systems) mentioned above and came up with some fresh ideas on the exploration in the areas covered with volcanic rocks.     

The response of the azimuthal component of the ionospheric electric field to auroral arc brightening

We have analyzed the response of azimuthal component of the ionospheric electric field to auroral arc activity. We have chosen for analysis three intervals of coordinated EISCAT and TV observations on 18 February, 1993. These intervals include three kinds of arc activity: the appearance of a new auroral arc, the gradual brightening of the existing arc and variations of the arc luminosity. The arcs were mostly east-west aligned. In all cases, the enhancement of arc luminosity is accompanied by a decrease in the westward component of the ionospheric electric field. In contrast, an increase of that component seems to be connected with arc fading. The observed response is assumed to have the same nature as the short circuit of an external electric field by the conductor. The possible consequence of this phenomenon is discussed.     

电性源地-井瞬变电磁法全分量响应特性与探测能力分析

结合地面电性源瞬变电磁法（TEM）探测深度大和地-井TEM探测精度高的优点,本文提出对电性源地-井TEM进行研究.基于一维正演理论,本文对电性源在地下激发的六个电磁场分量的扩散、分布特性和探测能力进行分析研究.研究结果表明地下瞬变场各分量的分布特征与地面情况类似,但是对地层的探测能力与地面情况存在较大差别.各分量的探测能力与它们的扩散特性有关,其中受积累电荷作用,垂直电场Ez和水平磁场Ḣx分量对目标层的反映最为明显,Ex和Ḣy分量在地下扩散时受"返回电流"的影响会出现变号现象,使得异常体带来的影响被掩盖,不易被分辨.本文研究结果为发展电性源地-井TEM的施工技术、数据处理与解释,建立了相应的理论基础,获得了对该方法的初步认识.     

不同边界层参数化方案在暴雨数值模拟中的对比分析

本文利用非静力平衡的中尺度模式(MM5),通过对一次华南锋前暖区暴雨的数值模拟,比较了3种边界层参数化方案的作用。结果表明：从24小时累积降水的分布来看,MRF方案的预报与实况对比效果最好,其次是Blaekadar高分辨率PBL模式,最差是no PBI,方案。分析MRF方案的输出结果,发现对应每个时刻的累积雨团上空,925hPa都有较强的辐合辐散偶极子与之相配合,而在300hPa则有较强的辐散。不同边界层方案模拟的辐散场有一定的差别,导致了降水的不同预报效果。