Influence of lowland aquifers and anthropogenic impacts on the isotope hydrology of contrasting mesoscale catchments

We examined the isotope hydrology of eight, contrasting mesoscale (104–488 km²) catchments characterized by a systematic change in the relative importance of upland and lowland areas that reflects the relative distribution of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Precipitation and stream water were monitored over a 12‐month period, and stable isotopes were used to examine spatial variations in the hydrometric and tracer dynamics of the catchments. Isotopic tracers were used to examine the temporal dynamics of different runoff sources, and geochemical tracers (alkalinity) were used to identify the geographic sources of runoff. Input–output relationships of isotopic tracers were explored using a gamma function to fit a transit time distribution, which was used to test the hypothesis that the length of mean transit times increased systematically with the cover of sandstone aquifers in the catchments. However, in three catchments, the increased influence of anthropogenic factors, notably reservoir storage, urban runoff and agricultural abstraction for irrigation, prevented reliable transit time estimation. For sites where tentative mean transit time estimates were possible, these varied from around 1.6 years in upland catchments dominated by metamorphic rocks (>75%) and responsive soils to around 4 years in catchments with 34% sandstone cover and freely draining soils. These preliminary results were consistent with inferences of geochemical tracers on the increased role of sedimentary aquifers as runoff sources in lowland areas, but observation from a larger number of sites is needed to confirm this. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市轨道交通示意图注记质量评价模型研究

以城市轨道交通示意图为对象,利用AHP方法构建了一个注记质量评价模型。在考虑可辨阈限、注记-要素压盖度、优先级、注记-要素关联性4个独立指标的基础上,补充了单位面积注记量和偏移量两个修正指标。选取上海、伦敦、莫斯科、米兰和圣保罗5个城市的轨道交通示意图进行实例验证,结果显示两个修正指标的提出具有合理性,可为注记配置的自动化提供基本参考。     

地磁DI仪基线值分析处理软件

现用前兆地磁处理软件的基线值计算功能不完善,导致观测结果滞后,从而制约了台站接收数据的及时性,影响了观测员补测时间的安排.该软件从根本上解决的接收数据的滞后性,能够及时了解观测结果,提高DI仪观测精度,减少观测次数,从而提高观测资料的内在质量.     

环北极国家与地区的北极航道通行政策及其发展趋势分析

全球变暖加快了北冰洋融化的速度,从而使得北极航道全面开通的时间将比预期大大提前,北极航道的交通价值也日益凸显。在这种情况下,环北极国家与地区纷纷提出了对北极航道通行的政策和主张。中国虽不是环北极国家,但北极航道能缩短中国国际贸易的海运距离,节约货物海上运输的时间和成本,并降低传统航线的海盗和恐怖主义袭击风险,所以从维护中国在北极航道通行问题上的"潜在利益"的角度出发,中国应该加强对北极航道通行问题的关注。本文首先介绍了北极航道问题的由来,逐一阐述了俄罗斯、加拿大、美国和欧盟在北极航道通行问题上的政策和主张,最后分析了北极航道通行政策的发展趋势。     

浅谈GPS和精密导线在轨道交通控制测量中的应用

城市轨道交通线路铺设项目施工前,需要进行控制测量,包含平面和高程两部分,其对精度的要求都很高,控制测量精度的好坏直接影响施工项目的精度和质量,本文主要针对其中的平面控制测量部分,论述GPS和精密导线测量在轨道交通控制测量中的应用方法,总结经验,探讨如何更好得完成控制测量的实施,优化工作流程,提高测量精度,为类似项目的实施提供参考依据。     

Evolution of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the isotope hydrology of a montane river basin

Abstract

Precipitation and streamwater were analysed weekly for δ¹⁸O in seven tributaries and five main stem sites of a 2100 km² catchment; >60% of it is upland in character. Precipitation δ¹⁸O followed seasonal patterns ranging from –20‰ in winter to –4‰ in summer. Seasonality was also evident in stream waters, though much more damped. Mean transit times (MTTs) were estimated using δ¹⁸O input–output relationships in a convolution integral with a gamma distribution. The MTTs were relatively similar (528–830 days): tributaries exhibited a greater range, being shorter in catchments with montane topography and hydrologically responsive soils, and longer where catchments have significant water storage. Along the main stem, MTTs increased modestly from 621 to 741 days. This indicates that montane headwaters are the dominant sources of runoff along the main stem of the river system. Models suggest that around 10% of runoff has transit times of less than two weeks during higher flows whilst older (>10-year old) water sustains low flows contributing around 5% of runoff.

Citation Speed, M., Tetzlaff, D., Hrachowitz, M. & Soulsby, C. (2011) Evolution of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the isotope hydrology of a montane river basin. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(3), 426–442     

Moving policy: global and local characters circulating bus rapid transit through South African cities

In this paper, I explore the variety of actors who circulate international best practice around the world. I trace the introduction and adoption of bus rapid transit (BRT) projects and policies across six South African cities through international and municipal policy actors, to expose the role of individuals moving policy within the messy and tangled process of policy circulation. The analysis demonstrates the particularly important role of local actors in localizing global practice. While cities may learn of circulated forms of knowledge through innovative and dynamic individuals, policy is adopted only through local actors with governmental support. This premise adds a critical dimension to the policy mobilities field by demonstrating that adopting localities are instrumental in cultivating a receptive ground for the application of circulated policy. Global best practice does not simply float around waiting to be selected, but rather local policymakers are actively seeking and transforming innovations such as BRT.     

煤储层弹性能及其控藏效应:以沁水盆地为例

煤层气成藏的主控因素包括合适的压力系统、运移系统以及相应的能量作用机制,其实质是煤储层有效压力系统和有效运移系统时空配置关系。而煤储层弹性能正是有效压力系统与有效运移系统之间的联系和作用纽带。文中提出了不同相态物质的弹性能模型,建立了煤层气成藏效应三元判识标志,并探讨了沁水盆地三元判识标志的展布特征。三元判识标志包括煤储层裂隙发育程度系数ζ1、煤储层裂隙开合程度系数Δ、煤储层压力系统发育程度系数ζ2。其中ζ1、Δ可以定量表示煤储层有效运移系统,ζ2可以定量表示煤储层有效压力系统。依据三元判识标志,分析了煤储层弹性能控藏效应,并提出判别煤层气成藏类型的三元模式。研究认为:煤层气成藏效应类型可分为27种,其中8种类型有利于煤层气富集高产。而沁水盆地实际上只存在2种有利类型,即有效压力系统-有效运移系统类型和较有效压力系统-较有效运移系统类型,分别分布于盆地南部大宁—潘庄—樊庄地区、沁水—郑庄—樊庄以及中部的沁源—安泽之间。     

Linking metrics of hydrological function and transit times to landscape controls in a heterogeneous mesoscale catchment

Long‐term river flow data and one year of isotopic tracer data in a nested 749 km² catchment were analysed conjunctively to evaluate the relationships between hydrometric statistics, transit times, and catchment characteristics. The catchment comprised two distinct geomorphic provinces; upland headwaters draining glaciated landscapes underlain by crystalline geology and lowland headwaters draining a major regional sandstone aquifer. In the uplands, flow regimes were ‘flashy’ with high runoff coefficients for storm hydrographs, steep recession curves and strong nonlinearity in event responses. In the lowlands, runoff coefficients were low, recessions less steep, and event responses more linear. Flow data from the catchment outfall showing damping of these extremes, but was most strongly influenced by the upland headwaters where precipitation was highest. The damping of variability in stable water isotopes between precipitation inputs and streamflow outputs reflected this; with upland tributaries least damped and lowland tributaries most damped. Attempts to quantify the mean transit times of the sampling points met with mixed success; partly reflecting the short run (1 year) of data, but mainly as a result of the marked damping in lowland sites. As a consequence, MTT estimates can only be said to be in the order of a few years in upland sites, but are probably decadal or greater in lowland tributaries. Again, the catchment outfall averages these extremes, but is more similar to the upland headwaters. Despite the difficulties in quantifying MTTs, it is clear that they, like the hydrological response, primarily reflect the dominant control of catchment soil cover, which in turn is determined by geology and glacial history. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.